·         Macrosomia

·         Obese in childhood or adolescents

·         Macromia babies are at risk for birth injuries

·         IUFD- intrauterine fetal distress

·         Hypoglycemia

·         Hypocalcemia

·         Hypomagnesemia

·         Polycytemia

·         Jaundice

·         Cardiomyopathy

·         Respiratory distress

·         Anencephaly

·         Spina bifida

·         Ventro-septal defect

·         Coartation of the aorta

·         DVT with renal vein thrombosis and hematuria

·         Hypotonia

·         Listless and lethargic at birth

·         May require IV dextrose infusions at birth

·         Also at an increased risk of metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes in child hood or early adulthood

·         Mother may have early breastfeeding difficulties due to decreased milk production

·         Follow up glucose tolerance testing

·         Routine prenatal laboratory testing

o   Urinalysis and culture to check for UTI which is common in diabetic pregnancies (weeks 24 – 28)

o   Baseline renal function may be assessed with a 24-hour urine collection for total protein excretion and creatinine clearance.

o   Thyroid function test because of risk of coexisting thyroid disease. 

·         Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c measured to asses recent glycemic control

o   Estimates your average blood sugar level over the previous 2 to 3months

o   Repeat test 6-12 weeks postpartum 

Before the baby is born:

-          Ultrasound performed on the mother in the last few months of pregnancy to monitor the baby's size.

-          Lung maturity testing may be done on the amniotic fluid if the baby is going to be delivered more than a week before the due date.

After the baby is born:

-          Tests may show that the infant has low blood sugar and low blood calcium.

-          An echocardiogram may show an abnormally large heart, which can occur with heart failure.