9C Biology by Trần Thục Quyên

1. The formation of Earth

1212100549_ — 2024-05-14 01:26:40 UTC

At first, it was extremely hot, to the point that the planet likely consisted almost entirely of molten magma. Over the course of a few hundred million years, the planet began to cool and oceans of liquid water formed. Heavy elements began sinking past the oceans and magma toward the center of the planet.

2. Chemical evolution

1212100549_ — 2024-05-14 01:28:48 UTC

The first organic compound was said to have been formed due to the ever-changing environmental conditions of the primitive earth and a combination of inorganic compounds.

3. Origin of cells (first cell)

1212100549_ — 2024-05-14 01:29:59 UTC

First cells on ancient Earth may have emerged because building blocks of proteins stabilized membranes. Life on Earth arose about 4 billion years ago when the first cells formed within a primordial soup of complex, carbon-rich chemical compounds.

4. Prokaryotic organisms (without nucleus e.g. archaeons and bacteria)

1212100549_ — 2024-05-14 01:31:07 UTC

Prokaryotes (domains Archaea and Bacteria) are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus. They have a single piece of circular DNA in the nucleoid area of the cell. Most prokaryotes have a cell wall that lies outside the boundary of the plasma membrane.

5. Photosynthesis

1212100549_ — 2024-05-14 01:32:42 UTC

Photosynthesis is a process by which phototrophs convert light energy into chemical energy, which is later used to fuel cellular activities. The chemical energy is stored in the form of sugars, which are created from water and carbon dioxide.

6. Ozone layer

1212100549_ — 2024-05-14 01:34:15 UTC

The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation. It contains a high concentration of ozone in relation to other parts of the atmosphere, although still small in relation to other gases in the stratosphere.

7. Eukaryotic organisms (with nucleus)

1212100549_ — 2024-05-14 01:34:54 UTC

Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. There is a wide range of eukaryotic organisms, including all animals, plants, fungi, and protists, as well as most algae. Eukaryotes may be either single-celled or multicellular.

8. Multicellularity

1212100549_ — 2024-05-14 01:38:01 UTC

A multicellular organism is an organism that consists of more than one cell, in contrast to unicellular organism.

9. Invertebrates

1212100549_ — 2024-05-14 01:38:55 UTC

Invertebrates is an umbrella term describing animals that neither develop nor retain a vertebral column, which evolved from the notochord.

10. Sexual reproduction

1212100549_ — 2024-05-14 01:39:49 UTC

The production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes.

11. Cambrian explosion

1212100549_ — 2024-05-14 01:41:47 UTC

The Cambrian explosion (also known as Cambrian radiation or Cambrian diversification) is an interval of time approximately 538.8 million years ago in the Cambrian period of the early Paleozoic when there was a sudden radiation of complex life, and practically all major animal phyla started appearing in the fossil.

12. Vertebrates

1212100549_ — 2024-05-14 01:42:12 UTC

Vertebrates are deuterostomal animals with bony or cartilaginous axial endoskeleton — known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone — around and along the spinal cord, including all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

13. The first land plants (mosses and ferns)

1212100549_ — 2024-05-14 01:43:16 UTC

Liverworts, mosses, and ferns were successful in humid and moist ancient environments due to their life cycle that requires water for reproduction. However, they are unable to thrive in drier climates today.