The countries that are at war whose information the citizens received were very controlled by the state.

In countries that were at war they did not have much news about the epidemic, but as Spain was a neutral country more news about this epidemic appeared.

It was called Spanish flu, because Spain did not participate in the war, it was a neutral country, and since it was the only country where news about this influenza was heard was called this way, but the origin was not really in Spain.

The United States at the end of the world war will also participate and with all that the movement of the population entails.

In a situation of influenza epidemic, in addition, this is aggravated because mobility is very high then the people of the United States who come to Europe to fight or from Asia, therefore, there is a lot of movement of people who make the epidemic spread and at the same time cause many more deaths. This was called Spanish flu or Spain Influence.

Hitler in the First World War was just one more soldier.

In 1st World War and in 2nd World War the origin of the conflict is in Europe.

The mostly countries in Europe had colonies in Africa, in Asia and this is one of the reasons that converts that European war in a World War.

Germany considered that at this conference in Berlin he had been a little mistreated, that he did not receive enough colonies, because, in the war for example, he will try apart from winning the war, winning colonies, because if he overcomes any country, apart from winning you stay with his colonies.

The war was also a way of gaining colonies by force.

We have __ empires:

• Ottoman Empire (present-day Turkey, but much larger)

• Russian Empire led by an absolute king

• Austro-Hungarian Empire (now does not exist)

• Germany Empire

There were also other, younger countries that follow our idea. Our idea of a country is a nation state. Example: France, where the French people live, who speak the French language, with their own culture.

This idea of country we have today is an invention of the 19th century.

Italy was born its monarchy in the mid of 19th century.

Our conception of the world of countries is an invention of the 19th century.

When the First World War ends, empires will disappear, except the Russian Empire that will become the first communist country in the world from 1917.

The map of Europe will therefore change considerably.

The empires come from the Roman Empire, from Ancient Egypt. The idea of the empire is to conquer as many territories as possible, that is, to expand.

There is also the German Empire. And his idea with that of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was to expand on both sides.

• France and Germany have always been arch enemies and have always had conflicting border territories.

• In 1871 it was a war about France against Prussia (now Germany). This war is won by the Germans.

• Alsace-Lorraine is a border territory between France and Germany, which historically has always been in conflict. In 1871 Germany managed to conquer this territory.

• Another cause of the war is military alliances between countries or empires to help each other.

• In Europe, military alliances will be created, which when one of these countries of military alliances comes into conflict, then everyone must enter.

• The colonial factor and colonialism is also a cause.

• And the condolences of the Balkan Peninsula are also important causes

Another sector is the Triple Entente, which is formed by France, the Russian Empire and Britain. And these three have a military alliance.

When a country enters into war, the country and all its colonies enter.

Precedence to war is what was known as ARMED PEACE, that is, all European countries generated more weapons.

The idea of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was to expand throughout the Balkan Peninsula (Italian).

Serbia was allied with Russia. Serbia was not part of the military alliance, but it has always been and today also an ally of Russia.

Serbia and Russia at the time did not want the Austro-Hungarian Empire to expand.

Francis Ferdinand visits the city of Sarajevo (now the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina), and that is where he is murdered. This will be the factor that will make everything break out.

The Austro-Hungarian Empire accuses Serbia of having murdered the heir and declares war on Serbia, and as it declares war and is allied with Russia, Russia declares war on the Austro-Hungarian Empire. And then all alliances will be activated to enter into war.

Once the war breaks out and the war progresses, the Ottoman Empire will support the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the German Empire.

The idea of the Schlieffen Plan was to move quickly towards the western front and conquer France as quickly as possible, entering from Belgium.

Belgium was a neutral country, but Germany will use it as a gateway to enter France

Schlieffen's plan was a German soldier.

In the First World War, Germany entered Belgium and Luxembourg also breaking the neutrality of these countries, entering by force and reaching 40 km from France.

Political power leaves Paris and goes to Bordeaux, because they believe they will go directly to the capital, then they decide to change their place.

Finally, the Germans failed to enter Paris during World War I, but in World War II yes. France with the help of the English will manage to withdraw the German troops.

The First World War is an investment of people and deaths of millions of soldiers, but the territorial advances in the First World War are minor, and that is why it was very difficult to conquer the territory of the other.

As industrialization has begun, since aircraft begin to be present, also the chemical industry of the second industrial revolution, also has a lot of presence, the use of toxic gases to attack the enemy. The first tanks will also appear, although in the First World War, they are not just given good use.

The Ottoman Empire will support the Central Powers.

The Zeppelin in World War I dropped these airships, and the biplanes are a two-winged aircraft.

A moment will come when a mutine will occur, which is when the soldiers revolt, rebel against their heads.

1914 European War, 1915 World War because Japan intervenes, because it tries to conquer colonies in the area. The war is beginning to develop globally throughout Africa.

• The first United States enters into war. And the reason is the naval blockade that the Germans were making in the Atlantic, did not allow him to trade with Britain.

• The second in Russia is the Russian Revolution/Soviet Revolution/Communist Revolution

Before Russia was the Russian Empire led by an emperor there is a revolt in which many soldiers of the same Russian army participate and in the end the Russian Empire becomes for the first time in the history of humanity in a country that follows the guidelines that come from Marxism, socialism, communism. Therefore, it will move from the Russian Empire to the USSR (the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic) from an agricultural country to a communist country. As Russia becomes USSR, it will cause the USSR to abandon the war, and it will abandon in exchange for many territories, many territories that in the Second World War will recover.

There are two revolutions, the first being that you move from Russia from absolute monarchy to a democratic liberal regime.

And the second will force Russia to become a communist country called the Bolshevik Party.

For the first time, Marxist theories are carried out in a country

These two factors will develop the end of the war.

Who loses the war is the German Empire.

Hitler in Germany until the 1933, Mussolini in Italy until the 1922, and others one with different forms there are fascist military dictatorships, there are totalitarian regimes/monarchies

Stalin, once the Russian Revolution has taken place, the leader of the Russian Revolution is Lenin (Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov Lenin), Lenin dies in 1924, and his successor will be Stalin, and he will rule the USSR with a totalitarian regime, and that is why it is called Stalinism, because it is repression of opponents, but also repression of comrades of travel and comrades of Communists so that they would not cast a shadow over it. This is why it is called a totalitarian regime, in which the state controls all aspects of society.

When the First World War ends, all empires disappear, but totalitarian regimes enter, and there are exceptions, for example, in Britain, France, Belgium, Holland.

In these areas of exceptions, it is because democratic socialist parties fall within the system.

This model is the one that Alfonso XIII will copy with Primo de Rivera in Spain.

Benito Mussolini began to rule with a legal entry into power, this occurred in 1922.

And in 1924 it was when Benito turned Italy into an authoritarian regime, that is, it annulled the constitution, banned political parties, its leaders were persecuted and imprisoned, prohibited strikes, single union. There is only one party in, the National Fascist Party. Italy went from having a democratic parliament to a House of Fascism.

Mussolini, Hitler and Franco apply autarchy.

Hitler will try to do the same as the Munich Putsch in 1923 and it is an attempt at a coup that Hitler did not get well because they did not have enough strength and will be arrested, and he was in prison. In prison Hitler will write his book called Mein Kampf which means “My Struggle”. Hitler will become more and more relevant, when he leaves prison, the German National Socialist Workers' Party is led by Hitler. From National Socialism will come the Nazi concept.

In Fascism the public administration was pulged, which means that all officials who did not swear obedience to the Nazi regime or were suspected of something or where Jews were left without work.

And here begins the legal persecution of the Jews. Then they send Jews to the Getos which was a place where only they could live, after the Getos sell the concentration camps, after the concentration camps will come the extermination camps. The idea was to make disappear the 10 million Jews who lived in Europe. But they only made 6 million disappear.

There was also a plan to make people with mental disabilities disappear, people with physical disabilities.

Then there is the occupation of Poland and the beginning of the Second World War.

They spoke of the Lebensraum “living space” that should include all territories from part of Germany.

They also spoke of the inferiority of the Slavs.

And this indoctrination of the population that speaks of the filigree youth, the subject of propaganda.

What happens is that all this help to try to recover Germany, then when the crash of 29 comes everything goes to waste.

Germany's initial plans are to occupy the German-speaking territory, which included part of southeastern Czechoslovakia, which included Austria, therefore, its idea was to expand, therefore, Hitler completely bypasses the Treaty of Versailles, recruits people again to form a large army, and will also push forward the war industry to create armaments. And in the case of Italy, in its own way, it also has this expansion plan towards Albania on one side and towards the area of ​​Ethiopia to colonize, because in the colonial distribution Italy has been harmed.

The Second World War its war zone will be in Europe and will be in the Pacific zone where the war will be developed and the protagonist will be Japan. In the Second World War we talk about Hitler, Mussolini (the Rome-Berlin axis) and Emperor Hirohito, because Japan will also want to expand at the expense of China and will also collaborate with Hitler and Mussolini and will enter into conflict with the United States, because the Pacific zone is between Japan and the United States, something that the USA in the Hawaiian Islands has military. The war begins in 1939, so, in 1941 Japan will attack this military base and will force the United States to enter the war.

The area of ​​Manchuria, Japan which is economically very developed and technologically as well, but has a small territory from its point of view and what it wants is to expand towards China.

Germany begins to expand first in Austria, the concept is Anschluss, which means the annexation of Austria. Germany occupies Austria, the Austrians mostly welcome Hitler, he was Austrian.

France and England especially England tried to go through diplomatic life, they will meet with Hitler, they will talk and they do it to avoid going to war.

The USSR will not enter the war until 1941, when Germany tries to occupy them, but before all this there will be a pact between Nazi Germany and Stalin's communist Russia. They begin to agree on the invasion of Poland, that is, that they will divide Poland. What Germany wanted was to make sure that the USSR, that they would expand towards Poland, that it would not be believed as an attack and that the USSR would attack them. Therefore, making a non-aggression pact. And that is what will happen on September 1, 1939.

The USSR will join the war because the German troops will try, despite having a pact, to attack the USSR.

And Japan will attack the United States in 1941.

Before the entry of the USA and the USSR, all of Europe will be controlled by Nazi Germany, only Great Britain will resist, it will be the only country that resists the Nazis.

First Spain declares itself neutral, then non-belligerent which means I help you, but I do not fight directly, and then when Nazi Germany begins to lose territories. Spain declares itself neutral again.

The Axis Powers

Both World War I and World War II the conflict was born in Europe.

When World War II began we would have Germany involved and we would have France and England on the other side. Later countries would be added, United States.

The bombing of Guernica in World War II became a common thing.

Tanks in World War I are almost not used in World War II, they do have a lot of importance.

Missiles are just beginning to be used to direct from a specific point to another specific point.

The atomic bomb, everyone was after it, French scientists were researching to know its potential and create this atomic bomb, the United States too and it is they who will explode.

German soldiers used drugs, to stay many hours without sleep with fetanin and pills to increase this continuous action of attacks. And it is also because the soldier loses a little the notion of the dangerousness of the events and that he acts in a more unconscious and more wild way and they also used minor children who drug them, and they use them because they have a different perception of reality and that they are more aggressive than adults who have the perception of danger.

And it is said that one of the very important factors in the English resistance to the bombings of German planes, the Luftwaffe, is the use of radar.

The Wehrmacht is the German ground army.

The Luftwaffe is the German aviation.

Albert Einstein regretted having discovered the potential of the atomic bomb.

The Holocaust killed around 6 million Jews.

The powers did this with the idea of ​​avoiding war (appeasement policy), but it only delayed the conflict.

In March 1939, Hitler occupied all of Czechoslovakia, violating the agreement.

It then became clear that Hitler would not stop.

And finally, in September 1939, he invaded Poland, which did cause the start of World War II.

Soviet Union, represented by *Vyacheslav Molotov (Stalin's Foreign Minister)

Mutual non-aggression:

Both countries promised not to attack each other, even if a war broke out in Europe.

Secret Protocol:

Included a secret agreement dividing Eastern Europe:

Germany would invade Western Poland

The USSR would occupy Eastern Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and part of Romania.

This pact surprised the world because Hitler and Stalin were ideological enemies (Nazism *vs communism), but they signed it out of strategic interest.

The pact only lasted until 1941, when Hitler betrayed Stalin and invaded the USSR (Operation Barbarossa).

1. Invasion of Poland (September 1939)

1 September 1939: Germany invades Poland using the tactic of *Blitzkrieg (lightning war).

17 September: The USSR invades Poland from the east, under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.

Poland is divided between Germany and the USSR. World War II officially begins.

2. War in the West (1940)

April 1940: Germany invades Denmark and Norway to secure sea routes.

May-June 1940: Attack on France, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg.

Germany quickly defeats the Allied forces.

France captured on 22 June 1940.

3. Battle of Britain (July-October 1940)

The United Kingdom is left alone against Germany.

Hitler's first major defeat.

4. Expansion into the Balkans and Africa (1940-1941)

Italy invades Greece from Albania, but fails.

Germany intervenes in the Balkans, invading Yugoslavia and Greece (April 1941).

5. Operation Barbarossa (June 1941)

22 June 1941: Germany breaks the pact with the USSR and invades the Soviet Union.

Achieves rapid advances, surrounds millions of Soviet soldiers.

Despite the initial success, the war in the East will become prolonged and costly.

1. Entry of the United States (1941)

December 7, 1941: Japan attacks the naval base of Pearl Harbor (Hawaii).

December 8: The US declares war on Japan.

December 11: Germany and Italy declare war on the US

The conflict becomes a full-scale world war, with fighting in Europe, Africa, Asia and the Pacific

2. Expansion of the conflict in Asia and the Pacific (1941–1942)

Japan quickly conquers vast territories:

Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Burma, etc.

Establishes the so-called Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.

Brutal campaigns against civilians and prisoners (e.g. Bataan Death March).

3. Major turning points (1942–1943)

In Europe and North Africa:

Battle of Stalingrad (August 1942 – February 1943):

German defeat by the USSR; marks the beginning of the Nazi retreat in the east.

Battle of Alamein (October–November 1942):

British victory that stops the advance of the Africa Corps in Egypt.

Operation torch (November 1942):

Allied landings in North Africa.

In the Pacific:

Battle of Midway (June 1942):

Decisive US naval victory over Japan.

Marks the end of Japanese expansion and the beginning of the Allied offensive in the Pacific.

4. Allied Offensive (1943–1944)

Campaign in Italy (1943):

Invasion of Sicily and southern Italy.

Fall of Mussolini in July 1943.

Eastern Front: The USSR launches major offensives and recovers territory.

Pacific Front: The US advances island by island towards Japan ("island hopping" tactics).

• April 30, 1945: Hitler commits suicide in Berlin.

• May 8, 1945: Germany signs the unconditional surrender (Day of Victory in Europe - V-E Day).

Japan:

• USUU intensifies the bombing of Japan.

• August 6 and 9, 1945: Atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

• September 2, 1945: Japan officially surrenders (Victory Day over Japan - V-J Day).

February 1945

Roosevelt (*USA), Churchill (UK) Stalin (USSR)

- Decide the future of Europe after the war.

- Division of Germany into 4 occupation zones (*USA, USSR, UK, France).

- Agreement to try Nazi war criminals.

- USSR agrees to enter war against Japan.

- The creation of the UN is agreed.

Potsdam Conference

July-August 1945

Truman (USA), Attlee (UK), Stalin (USSR)

- Confirm Yalta decisions.

- Ultimatum in Japan: unconditional surrender or "total destruction" (before the atomic bombs).

- Border adjustments in Eastern Europe.

- Tensions between the USUU and the USSR marked the beginning of the Cold War.

Paris Conference

1946

Representatives of the Allies and defeated countries

- Signing of peace treaties with the Axis allies (Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria and Finland).

- Redefining borders.

- Payment of war reparations.

- Disarmament and democratization of the defeated countries.

- Germany was not included (its situation was dealt with separately).