https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p en-us 2023-08-25 16:29:46 UTC 2023-09-16 19:38:45 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f490.png madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2673184733 2023-08-25 16:32:33 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2673184733 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2674275129 ^{DNA, short for deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecular structure found in most cells and neurons in your body. It works as an instruction book for your body, containing all information about genetic inheritance. It is found inside the nucleus, a structure found at the center of the cell, surrounded by cytoplasm.}
_{Source:https://www.britannica.com/science/DNA}]]> 2023-08-27 19:57:58 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2674275129 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2674280893 ^{Nucleotides are the building blocks for DNA. Each nucleotides consists of 3 molecules: firstly, a sugar molecule and a phosphate group. These two form the backbone for the two strands of DNA. The third molecule is called a base. 
Source:https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Nucleotide#:~:text=A%20nucleotide%20is%20the%20basic,)%20and%20thymine%20(T).}]]> 2023-08-27 20:15:33 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2674280893 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2674296658 ^{To form protein, DNA must first be transcribed into mRNA. As DNA unspirals, mRNA, a third strand, starts to form. It is a recreation of a strand, except for the base T, transcribed into the base U.} ]]> 2023-08-27 20:56:03 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2674296658 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2678548068 ^{Sometimes the DNA can make a mistake in a nucleotide, which ends up usually affecting the final protein. This error is called a mutation. It is with the help of genetic mutation that we evolve. There are 3 different types of mutation: Substitution mutation, Insertion mutation, and Deletion Mutation.
Source: https://learn.concord.org/resources/121/dna-to-protein}]]> 2023-08-30 17:12:11 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2678548068 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2678579463 ^{Substitution mutation happens when a nucleotide in the mRNA or in the DNA itself is swapped for another. This event can bring many outcomes. When the nucleotide changes, so does the codon, so the amino acid translation can either change or not. When the amino acid translation is the same, it is called a silent mutation, because it had no effect on the final protein. A substitution mutation, either way, ends up affecting only one amino acid, except when a mutation turns to codon into a stop codon. This causes the whole sequence and process of translation to be stopped, which affects a lot the final protein.}]]> 2023-08-30 17:24:34 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2678579463 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2678581435 ^{Insertion and deletion mutations are there is an extra or missing nucleotide in the DNA/mRNA sequence. This usually causes frame shift to occur. So insertion/deletion mutations cause every codon to change after them, which brings many differences to the final protein, except, of course, just as in substitution mutations, for silent mutations. Silent mutations can occur when insertion and deletion mutations end up cancelling each other out.} ]]> 2023-08-30 17:25:57 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2678581435 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2685218521 ^{The genes (sections of DNA) that make up who you are, what you look like, come 50% from your mother and 50% from your father. This transmission is called inheritance of genes. A gene is the variation of a physical trait such as eye colour. So a gene varies with the alleles given by each parent.} ]]> 2023-09-05 16:40:11 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2685218521 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2685251205 ^{An allele can be shown for example, as Y and y. Each parent has two alleles for each phenotype (physical trait), one of which the child also receives. The final characteristic is decided with the dominant and recessive genes. In the Y and y example, Y is the dominant gene, so any genotype (group of two alleles for a certain gene) with Y will have the correspondent phenotype. The recessive gene, y, will only carry the final phenotype in combinations such as yy, where there is no dominant gene to overpower them.  The recessive gene can also be referred to as the hidden trait. A genotype with two of the same alleles (YY or yy) is called homozygous, and one with different alleles (Yy) is called heterozygous.}]]> 2023-09-05 17:01:21 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2685251205 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2685266032 2023-09-05 17:12:25 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2685266032 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2685291140 ^{Bases are the third molecule in a nucleotide, and they can either be adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). These last are the molecules that connect the strands of DNA, however, A can only connect to T, G can only connect to C and vice versa. The exception to this happened in the mRNA, where the thymine base is to complex to recreate, so it it transformed into Uracil (U)}]]> 2023-09-05 17:29:19 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2685291140 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2685303285 ^{After the whole strand of DNA is processed into mRNA, a ribosome attaches itself to the end of it. This is where the mRNA starts to be translated into amino acids. Each amino acids is attached to RNAt, which is the structure that connects 3 by 3 to the mRNA. Amino acids are what makes up protein; there are 20 different amino acids in total. At the end of the mRNA strands, they disconnect from their RNAt and join to form protein.} ]]> 2023-09-05 17:37:16 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2685303285 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2685305025 2023-09-05 17:38:27 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2685305025 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2685305534 2023-09-05 17:38:49 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2685305534 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2697776473 ^{Stanley Miller and Harold Urey performed an experiment in 1953 to try to prove a "hypothesis" of Darwin and Oparin: that life could be formed in other non-living places with energy, such as the ocean or a pond. They did the first lab test mimicking the ancient Earth's water cycle. They placed a tube with water, slightly boiled to mimic evaporation, which they connected to another with water vapor, ammonia, hydrogen, and methane. These were simple molecules that Miller and Urey thought to be part of the Ancient earth's air. A condenser would also be present to return the H2O into the "ocean" again. In the space with the different molecules and vapor, sparks were also occurring, to mimic lightning and energy. After a week of observing the model of the ocean, the water transformed into shades of dark brown, and after examination proved to be containing amino acids, one of the main building blocks for life. This experiment proved that life could indeed have been formed in non-living environments like the ocean.}]]> 2023-09-11 16:36:44 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2697776473 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2697789509 2023-09-11 16:43:56 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2697789509 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2697796997 ^{The theory of (biological) evolution was developed by Charles Darwin. He stated that we all species had one same common ancestor, from which we have evolved differently. He proved this by observing fossils are identifying that older ones showed much simpler forms that the complex species we have today.
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fgQLyqWaCbA}

]]> 2023-09-11 16:47:52 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2697796997 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2697816747 2023-09-11 16:59:13 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2697816747 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2698096015 ^{Chemical evolution has recently proved to be the most promising idea to where life comes from. It is the idea that simple molecules, with the help of an energy source, interact and bind to each other, forming more complex molecules over time.} 

]]> 2023-09-11 20:05:08 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2698096015 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2698102550 ^{Scientists have believed that it was a certain mysterious force that powered life up until 1828. This was the year the Friederich Wöhler managed to chemically produce urea, one of the main components of urine, a substance thought only to be possible to create in the body using the vital force. This proved that all actions and substances in our body were made with a series of chemical rreactions, bringing on the idea of Chemical Evolution.} ]]> 2023-09-11 20:10:47 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2698102550 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2698356906

_{^{DNA to Proteins. (n.d.). STEM Resource Finder. Retrieved September 12, 2023, from https://learn.concord.org/resources/121/dna-to-protein}}

_{^{Encyclopedia Britannica. (2018). DNA | Discovery, Function, Facts, & Structure. In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/DNA}}

_{^{Nucleotide. (n.d.). Genome.gov. Retrieved September 11, 2023, from https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Nucleotide#:~:text=A%20nucleotide%20is%20the%20basic}}

_{^{Stated Clearly. (2014). Can Science Explain the Origin of Life? In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fgQLyqWaCbA}}

_{^{What Was The Miller-Urey Experiment? • Stated Clearly. (2015). In Stated Clearly. https://www.statedclearly.com/videos/what-was-the-miller-urey-experiment/}}

]]> 2023-09-12 00:55:29 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2698356906 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2698359113

_{^{Desmond, A. J. (2018). Charles Darwin | Biography & Facts. In Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Darwin}}

_{^{(n.d.). https://eschooltoday.com/learn/what-does-genetic-inheritance-mean/}}

]]> 2023-09-12 00:56:50 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2698359113 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2702419571 ^{Skin colour is one of the main differences that make humanity, humanity, and that bring diversity to our world. It plays a crucially important part in human variation. Nevertheless, it has been root to horrible ideas like racism, that still affect us today. The colour of our skin is decided by a molecule in our skin called melanin, found inside melanosomes. Melanin, after absorbing light, reflects it back depending on our quantity and type of melanin. There are 2 types of melanin: eumelanin (for brown/black tones) and pheomelanin (for yellow, red tones).} ]]> 2023-09-13 16:25:02 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2702419571 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2706991436 ^{Skin colour, and the amount and type of melanin you have is a trait mostly inherited from your parents, present in you DNA in gene MC1R, which codes for eumelanin and/or pheomelanin.} ]]> 2023-09-16 19:06:40 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2706991436 madalenafig27 https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2706992528 ^{Inheritance isn't the only factor that affects your skin colour, the amount of Ultra Voilet rays the sun shines in your environment also plays a big part in it. Although a small amount of UVB is necessary to keep a balanced amount of Vitamin D in your body, Ultra Voilet rays penetrate your skin cell's nucleus and can change them. Thankfully, the melanin in our skin protects the UV rays from entering the nucleus of the cell. This is why paler people get sunburnt quicker: Since they have less melanin to protect each cell, Uv rays can more easily penetrate and change/kill them. When Ultra Violet radiation causes a mutation in skin cells, skin colour can change.}]]> 2023-09-16 19:09:25 UTC https://padlet.com/madalenafig27/ph36mv4p57lzwi5p/wish/2706992528