Summary: Why do you think we dream? This video explains some interesting theories, but there is no clear answer yet. For example, one idea is that we dream to fulfill our wishes. Freud claimed that all dreams, including nightmares, are collections of images from daily life stored in the subconscious. He also believed that they have symbolic meanings related to the fulfillment of hidden desires. As technology and brain research continue to evolve, we may one day discover the true reason why we dream.

Vocabulary words:

subconscious(n): the part of your mind that stores thoughts, memories, and feelings you’re not aware of.

consolidate(v): to bring things together to make them stronger, more stable, or more effective

Discussion questions:

#1→Do you usually remember your dreams? What kind of dreams do you often have?

#2→Would you like to record or watch your dreams if technology made it possible? Why or why not?

Summary: Can you often manage your emotions?

This video shows that there are many strategies to control our emotions and one framework to understand these ways. The framework is called the Process Model and it is used to identify where and how to intervene in the stage of forming our emotions. There are four process. For each process, there are enormous ways that we can control our emotions. To begin with we can try to focus on another things when we want to avoid and do not like to relate something.  Also, we can reevaluate the situation so we can see ourselves objectively. Moreover, we can try to relieve our emotional response after it happens to bad something for us. Unfortunately, it is not good for health and makes negative that we hide our emotions too much.

Therefore, Walking, take a breath deeply and talking with closely friends is easy to continue of controlling our feelings. What's more, we need to understand that where the emotion come from and we are able to control emotions well so it is easy to control it. Emotion is whether useful or not depending on the situation. Therefore it is important that we find our own balance of emotion. Besides we need to think the situation again, then we allow us to accept sadness and built hope that things will go better.

Vocabulary words:

・Intervene: interference, it appears between something to prevent it.

・Inherently: originally, internally.

Discussion question:

#1 What other way can you do to control emotions except for the way in the video?

#2 What do you do to relieve when you feel stress or are negative?

Summary:

Why is sleep important? Lack of sleep can lead to hormonal imbalance, illness, and unfortunately, death. Adults need 7~8 hours of sleep per night and minors need about 10 hours. Insomnia affects memory, learning, recall, mood and reaction time.

As an example, in 2014, one enthusiastic soccer fan died. The cause was due to a stroke after staying awake for 48 hours to watch the World Cup.

It is believed that insomnia causes us great harm because of the accumulated wastes in the brain.

If we do not expel those wastes, it is believed to cause various physical ailments that come from lack of sleep. To prevent this, it has been found that a system called the glymphatic system performs a cleaning function and removes waste products.

For these reasons, sleeping is necessary.

Vocabulary:

(losing) shuteye (n): Lack of sleep

inflammation (n) : Fever or pain in parts of the body

Discussion:

#1 → How long do you sleep everyday?

#2 → If you don't sleep, what happens to you?

Summary:

Do you think about a lot of things when you give a speech? Of course, most people will do a lot of preparation before giving a speech. However in this video, Will Stephen shows us how to give a good speech because he was unprepared, and how to make it look good when you actually do it.

We will probably have many opportunities to give speeches in the future, so let's watch this video to learn how to give better speeches.

Vocabulary words:

Inspirational : something that provides encouragement, motivation, or a strong positive influence.

anecdote : a short and interesting or amusing story about a real incident or person.

Discussion questions:

1, When you give a speech, do you prepare and practice beforehand? Or do you think about what you're going to say to some extent and then speak on the spot?

2, Do you like giving speech?

Summary:Beth and Neil talked about their families in this video. Neil has an older sister, but Beth has no siblings. Beth's cousin is also an only child and has a very small family. Neil has a good relationship with his sister. Neil and Beth were talking about their families and their family structures.We also talk about siblings and whether it is best to have an older child, the middle child, or the youngest child.

Vocabulary Word:

get on well with（I）:have a good relationship with

sibling（n）: People born to the same parents

Discussion questions

#1→What is your family composition?

#2→What position do you want to take in the sibling hierarchy?

Summary: I would talk about this is how nomadic famers live. For thousands of years, nomadic farmers, also known as pastoralists, have practiced a mobile way of life. They strategically guide their livestock—such as sheep, goats, and cattle—to different grazing areas depending on the season. This lifestyle, called pastoralism, has historically provided them with Wealth, Social status, Political independence. Wealth is through livestock. Social status is in their communities. Political independence is especially in remote regions. However, in the 20th and 21st centuries, this way of life has come under threat due to Government policies that favor settled agriculture. Land privatization, which limits access to traditional grazing routes Climate change, which affects pasture availability Modern borders, which restrict movement across regions. Despite these challenges, many nomadic communities continue to adapt, preserving their cultural identity and sustainable practices.

Vocabulary words:

independence: the ability to live, act, or make decisions without needing help or control from others.

availability: how easy it is to get or use something when it is needed.

Discussion questions:

#1 Would you like to be a farmer?

#2 How do you feel about the use of pesticides on vegetables?

summary: Are you getting enough sleep?

Not getting enough sleep can lead to hormonal imbalances, illness and, in the worst cases, death. Adults need to sleep 7-8 hours a day and minors need 10 hours. An American study found that 30 per cent of adults are sleep deprived; an enthusiastic football fan died in 2014. This is because he was awake for 48 hours to watch the World Cup. Adults who sleep less than six hours on average are five times more likely to suffer a stroke than those who sleep more than eight hours.

vocabulary word:

glymphatic: the system of structures and processes that allows soluble waste substances to pass from the cerebrospinal fluid into the surrounding tissue fluid for removal, mediated by glial astrocytes and operating mainly during sleep.

discussion question:

#1 What do you do to improve the quality of your sleep?

#2 What can you do to ensure you get enough sleep?

In this speech, President Obama talks about why education is important. He says that school is not just for getting good grades or a job. It helps us learn how to think, solve problems, and keep trying even when things are hard. He also says that reading and learning about history helps us understand other people’s feelings. Education teaches us to be kind, responsible, and to help make the world better. He wants students to see learning as something important for life, not just for school.

Vocabulary words:

gratification: feeling happy because you got what you wanted

empathy: understanding how someone else feels

Discussion questions:

#1 Is it difficult to study everday? why?

#2 what subject do you like most?

Summary: People tell many small lies every day.
We often lie to look better or to protect ourselves.
Liars use fewer words like “I” or “me” because they want to distance themselves.
They use more negative words, like “hate” or “sad,” because lying makes them feel bad.
They also speak with simple sentences to avoid mistakes.
Sometimes, liars use long or complicated words to sound smart or honest.
By studying the way people talk, we can sometimes tell when they are lying.
Instead of watching their face or body, listen to the words they use.

Vocabulary words:

Deception (n): When someone tries to trick another person or hide the truth

Linguistic (adj): Related to language or how we use words

Discussion questions:

#1 → Have you ever noticed someone using simple or negative language when lying?

#2 → Do you think it's okay to lie sometimes? Why or why not?

Summary:

This video talks how water makes up more than half of the human body and is essential for key functions like regulating temperature, transporting nutrients, lubricating joints, and removing waste. When we don’t drink enough, we risk dehydration, which can lead to fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and serious health issues if prolonged. That’s why the video stresses the importance of staying ahead of thirst by regularly consuming fluids through both drinks and water-rich foods.

Vocabulary words:

Essential(adj): absolutely, necessary, important.

To fatigue(v): to make someone extremely tired.

Discussion questions:

#1→ Do you think it's important to drink plenty of water?

#2→ What drink do you like?

Summary:

This video talks about whether we should trust our first impressions. People often judge others based on personality, not the situation they’re in. This is called the “fundamental attribution error.” For example, if someone asks hard quiz questions, we might think they’re smart, even if they just had an advantage. Different cultures also see things differently. Western cultures focus more on personality, while Asian cultures consider the situation more. Don’t trust first impressions too much. Try to understand the situation before judging someone.

Vocabulary words:

identified: To find out what applies from between uncertain and unknown things.

outweigh: It will be more than a certain quantity.

Discussion questions:

1 Does the first impression and subsequent impression often change?

2 Which is more important, a good impression or bad impression?

Summary: This video explains the concept of flow. Flow is a mental state of effortless concentration and complete immersion task. In this state, people often experience heightened creativity, enhanced productivity, and a stronger sense of accomplishment. To achieve flow, take on tasks that match your skill level, challenging enough to stay engaging, without being overwhelming.

Find a quiet workspace, remove interruptions (like phones), and stay fully present—not worrying about outcomes.

In short, to get into flow, choose the right task, craft a clear and feedback-rich environment, eliminate distractions, and stay focused in the moment.

Vocabulary words

state: Condition.

immersion: To be obsessed.

Discussion questions

#1→ How do you concentrate on a task?

#2→ How do you refresh yourself when you lose concentration?

Summary

People tend to tell people about their big goals. However, he said, telling people about your goals can be problematic for realizing them.

This is because by talking about it, the person feels acknowledged by the other person and feels like he or she is getting closer to the goal.

This feeling makes goal realization impossible.

From this, the researchers conducted an experiment.

One hundred and sixty-three people were tested, and all wrote their goals on a piece of paper. Half of them then tell someone about their goals, and the other half do not.

Then, at the end of the next 45 minutes, they felt differently about realizing their goals.

Therefore, from these, we should overcome the temptation to tell others and realize them one by one.

Vocabulary words:

temptation: to want to do something

gratification : we feel happy

Discussion question:

# 1→ What do you think is needed to make your goal a reality?

# 2→Which do you think that you are talking or not talking your goal to someone?

Summary:

Do you like a cheese? Now, there are various cheeses in the world. They have very long history as long as civilization. Cheese existed at least 8,000 BC in Fertile Crescent. As people was starting to do agricultures, they get milk by cow or sheep. Then, people put milk outdoor in a long period, the milk went bad and rot. This is caused when proteins which is include in milk are hardened by lactic acid bacteria. People discovered the change of milk and noticed that a lump of milk is available to eat. By fermenting for a long time, cheese is made. Cheese is available to preserving, so people could get many nutrients as during very cold winter. After that, cheese was traded near mainly the Mediterranean and spread in the world.

This is how, cheese that we can eat now is made and became to be eaten by many people.

Vocabulary words:

rennet: a complex set of enzymes that is traditionally obtained from the stomach lining of young ruminant animals, such as calves.

lactose: a type of sugar found in milk and other dairy products.

Discussion questions:

#1 What cuisine of cheese do you like?

#2 What kind of cheese do you like? For example, mozzarella and camembert.

Matt Cutts says we should try something new for 30 days.

He tried small things like taking a picture every day or writing a little every day.

He also stopped doing bad things for 30 days, like eating too much sugar.

He says 30 days is a good time to start new habits or stop bad habits.

After doing this, he felt more confident and happy. So, if you want to change your life, try something new for 30 days!

question

1. How many days should you try something new?

   2. What did Matt Cutts do every day?

   
   

Asians can be distinguished by their accents when speaking English.　Koreans sound like they've been smoking weed all day; their speech is ghostly and slow.　Vietnamese speak very fast and high-pitched, like they're in a fast-moving car; they are also known to be fierce fighters.　Japanese accents come from the diaphragm; Japanese women sound perpetually young, around 12 years old.　These accent traits help tell Asians apart from each other

Vocabulary words

Smoke weed: using drug

Cocaine; drug

Diaphragm: one of stomach

Discuss question

#1 what is one of Japanese features?

#2what do you think to imitate European people’s accent is important?

Matt Cutts talks about trying something new for 30 days. He says if you do a small thing every day for 30 days, it can change your life. For example, he took one picture every day and wrote a whole novel in a month. He also started riding his bike to work and even climbed a mountain. Matt says 30 days is not long, so it’s a good way to make your life more exciting and fun. He tells us to try something new for the next 30 days.

Vocabulary word

change→to make something different; to become different.

exciting→making you feel very happy, interested, or full of energy; making your heart beat faster.

puestion

1. What does Matt Cutts want us to try for 30 days?

2. 2.How long should we try a new thing?

   
   

Summary: Many people fail after they become successful. Why? Because they think success is the end. They stop doing the hard work that helped them succeed.

The speaker says this happened to him.
At first, he worked hard, improved himself, had good ideas, and focused on his work. But after he became successful, he relaxed. He stopped improving. He stopped working hard. He thought success would last forever. But it didn’t.

He also got distracted by money and forgot about his clients and the work he loved. That’s when things started going wrong.

Vocabulary words:

Creative block (n): when you can’t think of new ideas

Distracted (adj): not focused; thinking about something else

Discussion questions:

#1 → Have you ever worked hard for something? What was it?

#2 → What do you love to do, even if you don’t get money for it?

Summary: This TED-Ed video explains three practical tips to help boost your confidence. First, it encourages people to practice self-affirmation by focusing on their strengths and values. Second, it highlights the importance of mastering new skills through effort and persistence. Third, it suggests shifting attention away from fear of failure and instead embracing mistakes as opportunities to learn. Together, these steps can help build lasting self- confidence and positive mindset.

Vocabulary words:

optimism (n): the quality of being full of hope and emphasizing the good parts of a situation, or a belief that something good will happen

untangle (v): to remove the knots from an untidy mass of string, wire, etc. and separate the different threads.

Discussion questions:

#1→Are you a confident person or someone who easily gets nervous, why？

#2→What is the most important thing to have confidence?

Summary: The video talks about why saying sorry is important. It gives four easy steps to help people say sorry the right way. It says that people who can say sorry are often healthier and feel better about themselves. Studies show they usually do better in life.

The four steps are:

1. Think about what happened.

2. Plan what you want to say.

3. Talk with the person, not just at them.

4. Do something to make things better and not make the same mistake again.

The video also tells people not to be afraid to say sorry and gives helpful tips to make it easier.

Vocabulary words:

Amends: Something you do to fix the problem or show you’re sorry.

Assess: To look at something carefully and think about it.

Reflect: To think deeply about something.

Discussion questions:

#1 → Why is it sometimes difficult for people to say, “I’m sorry”?

#2 → What’s the difference between saying “I’m sorry” and really making amends?

Summary: Some 15,000 year-old human remains, people made an interesting discovery. The teeth of those ancient humans were riddled with holes, specific tiny microbes that live in our mouths. And as our teeth erupt, they naturally begin to accumulate communities of bacteria.

Depending on what we eat, and especially how much sugar we consume, certain microbes can overpopulate and cause cavities. Diets high in sugary foods cause an explosion of bacteria called mutans streptococci in our mouths. Like humans, these microorganisms love sugar, using it as a molecular building block and energy source.

Teeth is covered by bacteria, it causes cavities.

Vocabulary words:

riddled with : a lot of holes

Discussion questions:

#1→Have you ever had tooth decay?

#2→How many times a day do you brush your teeth?

Sport has the power to change the world by inspiring, uniting people, and speaking to youth in a language they understand. It can create hope where there was despair and break down racial barriers, overcoming discrimination. The heroes mentioned are examples of this power, excelling both in sports and in their communities locally and internationally. They represent a Hall of Fame that spreads inspiration and hope globally. Their legacy is for a community where rules and fair play apply equally to everyone. Peace is described as the greatest weapon to resolve conflicts, but changing oneself is essential before changing others. Leaders must create environments where people can use their abilities to resolve problems peacefully. The heroes promote peace through personal commitment, not heredity, serving as role models and symbols of hopes

vocabulary

discrimination Disrespecting a particular group.

discussion If you could be any athlete, who would you like to be?