- Kazakhstan is not performing tests for covid but many people are hospitalized due to pneumonia of unknown cause

- Distancing protocols between patients and professionals are not adopted, as they are not considered as suspected of covid

- China is questioning the lack of care and is alerting the Chinese people

- It seems to be more lethal as it is only being analyzed among cases of pneumonia

- OMS recognizes as non-diagnostic covid cases

- The insurance includes hospital, primary, specialty, mental health maternity care, prescription drugs. It is funded through a national income tax and an income-related health tax.

-Members of all plans can choose their general practitioners from among those on the plan’s list and can switch freely

- Long-term care is not covered by NHI, but is covered separately. The government publicly funds long-term care services through general taxes.

- Some innovations: environment to encourage healthy diets, the bigger role of nurses in the Community, major dental care coverage, and the scope, breadth, and depth of services for older people

- role of government: works through the Ministry of Health, is responsible for maternal and child health centers, half of the nation’s acute care bed capacity, and about 80 percent of its psychiatric bed capacity, the funding of prenatal and preventive care, infant developmental tests

- role of private health insurance: complementary role, covering benefits excluded from the NHI scheme (dental care for adults, certain medications, alternative medicines)

- the goal is to train practitioners, who have a deep understanding of the knowledge and skills in public health/preventive medicine and who have the capacity to fulfill the required tasks in such public health institutions

-courses are centered on “five major public health components” (environmental health, workplace hygiene, nutrition and food hygiene, child health, radiological), epidemiology, and biostatistics

-theory-based phase: basic public health courses, basic medical courses, clinical courses, public health/preventive medicine foundations, and professional courses

- practical content focuses on : clinical skills, public health vocational skills, and scientific research training

- The reform was based on the “Public Health Education Basic Requirements”, which is composed of 6 competencies: professionalism, medical foundation, population health, health management and social mobilization, information management, and scientific research

- The public sector delegates or transfers the execution of services under the SUS to indirect administration, including  foundations, government-owned companies, and semi-public Corporation

- It is noticed that there is a dissemination of alternative management models for public healthcare services. The first explanation, is situated in the scenario of privatizations and transfer of the government’s responsibilities to the private sector, with a gradual retreat from public policies. The second explanation, was a response to the difficulties encountered by direct government administration due to its low operational capacity, lack of budget financial, and administrative autonomy, and excessive bureaucracy.