https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk This timeline focuses on Latinx history in the US from 1931-1980. Please place your items on the timeline and drag them to the proper place so that they are in chronological order from left to right. en-us 2021-02-02 03:23:57 UTC 2026-03-11 18:57:06 UTC hello@padlet.com mtran60 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158640078 Operation Bootstrap was a strategy to develop and modernize Puerto Rico's economy under the the Muñoz Administration. It shifted the economy towards exportation and foreign investment, which included tax exemptions for US corporations to capitalize off the lower labor costs in Puerto Rico. Many of the workers were women, who faced encouraged sterilization to "reduce turnover" and keep factories filled with more "docile" workers.]]> 2021-02-03 13:42:18 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158640078 lprizant https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158642841 Del Rio, Texas, like many other towns in America, segregated its schools between white schools, black schools, and Hispanic schools. In early 1930, the Del Rio School Board voted on expanding school facilities, but most benefits went to schools for white children. Many parents of Hispanic children recognized this disparity and filed a law suit. At the forefront of this suit was Jesus Salvatierra with his lawyer, John L. Dodson. This movement spread quickly as the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) sponsored columns in Spanish newspapers. More and more parents joined the cause as well as lawyers such as M.C. Gonzales. The case was eventually taken to San Antonio under an injunction, or legal warning that an action may be against the law. Still, the Texas Court of Appeals denied the case from going any further. Although segregation was not outlawed in the 1930s, Salvatierra's movement spread so far and it only continued to grow through charities sponsored by LULAC. Parents and lawyers continued to push for desegregation and it was finally passed in 1948 that segregation of Hispanic studnts was against the 14th Ammendment. ]]> 2021-02-03 13:42:50 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158642841 gconnolly9 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158652591 The American GI Association publishes "What Price Wetbacks?", using a derogatory term to refer to people of Mexican descent. Here, they are identified as a separate racial group, before the origination of terms such as Hispanic and Latinx. The pamphlet detailed the ways Americans felt threatened by the increased immigration of people of Latin American descent, and proposed harsh immigration laws to prevent a continued influx of immigrants.]]> 2021-02-03 13:44:44 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158652591 sringrose1 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158653230 The act legally ended racial discrimination in the workplace, although it only covered certain work sectors, including the government, unions, and war-related jobs, because many people of color began seeking jobs in the defense industries.]]> 2021-02-03 13:44:52 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158653230 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158667726 2021-02-03 13:47:39 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158667726 gvasquezrosad3 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158672496 After fighting for the US in World War 2, Felix Longoria's remains were found in the Philippines and brought back to America for burial. at the Three Rivers Cemetery. The Cemetery was segregated and had a section for Mexicans which the owner wouldn't allow Felix Longoria's family to use because he thought Mexicans would bother the white people. After many telegraphs from the G.I forum, an organization for Mexican rights, senator Lyndon B. Johnson allowed Longoria to be buried in the Arlington National Cemetery in 1949. This is significant because after a committee investigated this incident, it was deemed not discriminatory, giving Mexicans the motivation to expand their Civil Rights Movement.]]> 2021-02-03 13:48:34 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158672496 stirrell https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158672896 The Zoot Suit riots were a series of race riots against Latino men and are the worst race riots in Los Angeles to date. They are named after a kind of baggy suit that many minority youths wore during that era, gaining a racist reputation as a result. After a brawl between a group of servicemen and a group of young Mexican American boys, mobs of servicemen began attacking Latinos they saw on the street wearing zoot suits or any other kind of racially identified clothing.]]> 2021-02-03 13:48:38 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158672896 ggrygalis https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158675082 Launched in April 1961, the Bay of Pigs Invasion was a failed attacked launched against Fidel Castro by the CIA. Fidel Castro was a Cuban nationalist who overthrew the US backed president of Cuba. Since then, the United States tried to remove him, especially John F. Kennedy. He planned the invasion as a way to show the Soviet Union that the United States would win the cold war. The operation failed because there was a radio station on the beach that broadcasted the United States entire plan. The reason for the US wanting Cuba so much was for its sugar and other economic opportunities. 

For more information:
https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/bay-of-pigs-invasion]]> 2021-02-03 13:49:03 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158675082 mlee228 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158677475 The Civil Rights Act was passed through Congress, making it illegal to discriminate based on gender, race, ethnicity and color. The passing of the act had ended the passing of "Jim Crow" laws. The idea of Jim Crow, however, was not dead, and even though these laws were now put in place, they were not very well enforced and segregation and discrimination remained rampant. The Civil Rights Act had officially ended the "separate but equal" ideal that many white people had used.]]> 2021-02-03 13:49:29 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158677475 sringrose1 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158687085 Mexican American students in Los Angeles were protesting against unfair educational practices, including being unable to learn in Spanish, or being recommended to study a special needs curriculum. 15,000 high school students in East Los Angeles walked out of school for a week, and many of their leaders were arrested. Unfortunately, the LA Board of Education didn't do what the students asked, and they claimed that there was a lack of funding.  ]]> 2021-02-03 13:51:11 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158687085 ttrinh18 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158688027 Cisneros v. Corpus Christi Independent School district is a lawsuit that recognized Mexican Americans as a minority group that was illegally discriminated against. De Anda, attorney lawyer, argued that they were indeed discriminated against and they had won. In 1975, the case finally produced a new school system for Mexican-Americans and Black Children in Corpus Christi. This remains important to this day because it allows thousands of Mexican Americans to get their education and to achieve their dreams far beyond what they could've had without proper education. ]]> 2021-02-03 13:51:18 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158688027 lconroy9 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158691599 Pete Hernandez was indicted for murder by an all white jury Jackson County, Texas. Hernandez claimed that Mexican-Americans were kept from serving on the jury (the last time was 25 years ago in Jackson County). He tried to get the indictment quashed for this reason. Hernandez was found guilty and was sentenced by an all white jury. The Texas Court believed that Mexican-Americans were classified as white and ignored the petitioners that said they were a "special class" under the 14th Amendment. The Court found that yes this is a denial of the Fourteenth Amendment and found out that Mexican were a "special class" under the Fourteenth Amendment. So in conclusion, they found that Purposeful exclusion on Mexican-Americans from jury service violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. ]]> 2021-02-03 13:51:57 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158691599 sahearn4 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158691616 Because of the Mendez vs. Westminster School District, the Texas Attorney General decided that segregation of Mexican American children was illegal. Delgado and others sued Bastrop ISD, saying that separating Mexican American children from other white children was a violation since their was no specific state law. Bastrop ISD was ordered to stop segregating Mexican American students. ]]> 2021-02-03 13:51:57 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158691616 shanlon9 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158704230 Rafael Leonidas Trujillo was assassinated on May 30, 1961. Prior to his death, Trujillo ruled the Dominican Republic for 31 years through oppressive methods. While he improved the country's economy, he also ordered a massacre of several thousand Haitians living in the country in 1937. No one understand what would have motivated the US to interfere in something like this, however it is known that Trujillo and the American government were on good terms, until he planned an assassination on Romulo Betancourt, the president of Venezuela. The US closed its embassy and withdrew their ambassador. President Eisenhower put forth a plan to remove Trujillo from office, however, this plan was undone under President Kennedy. 
Additionally, following the Bay of Pigs invasion, President Kennedy was worried that a Castro-esque ruler would gain power in nearby D.R.. Underground resistance movements in the D.R. began to gain momentum. Ultimately, it was one of these groups that killed the General. While the CIA was not directly involved in the murder, it has been proven that they provided "material support" to the group responsible for his death.]]> 2021-02-03 13:54:20 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158704230 gconnolly9 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158705964 In 1978, Emmy Schafer, a Russian-born immigrant, successfully led the campaign to end bilingualism in Miami, with English becoming the sole primary language. She argued that it would lead to more unity and show national pride, as everyone could speak the same language. The passing of the law revealed a strong anti-Hispanic sentiment among whites, as the people negatively affected by this law were Spanish speaking immigrants from Latin America.]]> 2021-02-03 13:54:40 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158705964 lcurran31 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158707532 After Brown v. Board of Education was argued in the Supreme court, many laws on racial segregation were passed. Henry B. Gonzalez saw many issues with this and wanted to do something about it, so he led a 36 hour filibuster with the other state senator in order to stop these bills from passing in Texas. He was successful in stopping 8 out of the 10 laws.]]> 2021-02-03 13:54:58 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158707532 erosenthal21 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158717515 The Bracero Program, which was enacted in 1942, was the largest US contract labor program. It permitted millions of Mexicans to legally work in the United States on short term labor contracts. The program was established after the signing of an executive order called the 'Mexican Farm Labor Program,' and was created in response to labor shortages due to World War II. The program ended in 1964, and had brought over 4 million workers into the United States over the course of 22 years. While the Bracero program had a set of protocols agreed on by both Mexico and the United States, which served to protect the laborers from poor wages and discrimination, Mexican workers often faced both. Desperate for work, laborers from Mexico were often willing to accept low wage jobs, which created controversy surrounding this program. Farm workers in the United States worried about competition for jobs due to the new source of cheap labor. In theory, the program had safeguards which protected both Mexican and US workers, but in reality the rules were often ignored. The result of the Bracero program was an influx of both documented and undocumented laborers, and years of cheap labor. ]]> 2021-02-03 13:56:47 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158717515 mtran60 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158719462 A new political party named "La Raza Unida" is formed by José Angel Gutierrez in Crystal City, Texas. The party was created by Mexican Americans and their concern for lack of representation in local and county politics and the low voter registration. They focused on social and political movements as well such as labor rights, education reform, and sexism, setting a precedent for future community activism. Although it no longer exists today, its members are still actively involved with politics and organizing change.]]> 2021-02-03 13:57:10 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158719462 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158720943 Salvador Agron stabbed two teenagers to death who he assumed to be a members of a rival gang in a New York City park. The two teenagers were not part of any gang. There was a lot of outcry over this murder and was Agron put on Death Row at just 16 (youngest in New York). He never received his sentence and was eventually released in 1977.  ]]> 2021-02-03 13:57:27 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158720943 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158722038 The 38th Street Gang was a gang from southern Los Angeles in the ‘40s that chose to hang out at a reservoir known as the Sleepy Lagoon. On August 1, 1942, two members of the 38th Street gang got into a violent fight with a neighboring gang. They left, but later returned to the scene to look for the rival gang members. They couldn’t find them, so they went to a party. A fight broke out at the party, so they left. However, the next day, the dead body of José Díaz was discovered. To start, LAPD rounded up over 600 Mexican American youth. Eventually they accused 22 alleged members of the 38th Street Gang of his murder, and young women were also detained and placed in jail because the cops suspected them of wrongdoing. At the trial, the prosecutor used the clothing and hairstyle of the accused as evidence of their guilt. All the defendants were convicted; 5 were found guilty of assault, 9 were found guilty of second degree murder, and three were found guilty of first degree murder and sentenced to life in prison. This case matters now because it goes to show the discrimination that Mexican American people faced and still face today in the criminal justice system. It is important to know where the system has gone wrong in the past so that we can prevent that from happening again in the future. ]]> 2021-02-03 13:57:40 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158722038 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158735629 The Crusade for Justice was founded as a way to combat the injustices that Mexican Americans were experiencing back in the 20th century. It gained traction within the Chicano community throughout the 60s and 70s. The Crusade of Justice managed to open up a lot of opportunities that were previously closed to those in the Latino community. They brought awareness to issues that were very prominent back in the 60s such as the United States's involvement in the Vietnam War and police brutality against minorities of color. The group would eventually disband in the mid 1970s. ]]> 2021-02-03 14:00:16 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158735629 gvasquezrosad3 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158738032 Ruben Salazar was one of the only Mexican journalists in 1970. He was considered a bridge between Californian Mexicans and White people. Salazar was reporting at the scene of a march by Mexicans in Los Angeles who protested Mexican casualties in the Vietnam War. The protest began peacefully, and became violent, with police releasing tear gas. The Deputy Sheriff threw a tear gas canister at Salazar, causing his death. The death was deemed an accident and the sheriff wasn't punished. Because Salazar was the most prominent Latinx journalist at that time, this spiked anger among Latinx people because this figure who they greatly respected was killed, and who was giving them representation in the media, was killed. It highlighted how easy it is for people of color to receive injustice.]]> 2021-02-03 14:00:46 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158738032 xchen25 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158738715 Operation 🤬 is an immigration law campaign started in June 1954, and resulted in the deportation of as many as 1.3 million people and millions of arrests. This is the largest mass deportation of undocumented immigrants in the history of the United States fueled by Americans who were enraged by the widespread corruption among employers along the Mexican border and the large number of undocumented workers arriving in the United States. During the operation, border patrol agents and local officials would identify immigrants using racial stereotypes and shove the immigrants into buses, boats and planes to be sent to parts of Mexico that were unfamiliar to the immigrants. Many of the deportees had struggled to rebuild their lives in Mexico. ]]> 2021-02-03 14:00:54 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158738715 athompson254 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158738978 In May 1943, the Texas state legislature unanimously passed the "Caucasian Race Resolution," supposedly to assist "hemispheric solidarity" (US-Latin America) during wartime. The resolution declared that everyone of the Caucasian race was entitled to equal accommodations. In Texas, Mexicans were officially recognized as "white," but were often discriminated against. The resolution's language excluded African Americans while trying to appease Mexico and Mexican Texan civil rights leaders. It established a legal precedent designating Mexicans as white. It was seen by some as insincere, and was shown to have little substance. In one test of its legal weight, members of the League of United Latin American Citizens were denied admission at a pool that was known to be discriminatory (see image). In a lawsuit, the court ruled in favor of the pool, showing the resolution's insincerity and lack of substance.]]> 2021-02-03 14:00:58 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158738978 stirrell https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158740640 In 1968, 19-year-old José Sanchez becomes the first Chicano to resist the military draft. On Mexican Independence Day in 1969, after receiving his draft to serve in Vietnam in the mail, Rosalio Muñoz resists as well. This inspires other Mexican Americans across the nation to resist the draft as well and to begin an antiwar movement.]]> 2021-02-03 14:01:16 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158740640 xliao3 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158741349 On September 8, 1965, a group of around 2,000 Filipino American grape workers walked out on a strike protesting the years of poor pay and conditions in the Delano-Area table. Help arrived from the National Farm Workers Association and it’s Mexican creators, Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta. Chavez decided to go into a hunger strike 3 years into the protest which ended the calls for violence that sprouted, as well as drew attention to the movement which earned praise from prominent figures such as Martin Luther King, Jr. and senator Robert F. Kennedy. The strike lasted a total of 5 years and ended in a national boycott of grapes. The results from the strike led to the creation of the nation’s first farm workers union-the United Farm Workers of America (UFW).]]> 2021-02-03 14:01:25 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158741349 lprizant https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158742407 In 1967, students from Los Angeles, California, including David Sanchez, Jorge Licon, and Vickie Castro, came together at the Annual Chicano Student Conference to discuss discrimination and segregation of Chicanos in the school system. They decided to form  Young Citizens for Community Action, later changed to Young Chicanos for Community Action (YCCA). Their mission was to call for action on the public school disparities caused by the tri-fold discrimination of black , white, and Hispanic students. They decided to wear Brown Berets to show their unity and resistance thus giving them the name "Brown Berets." Chapters spread all over the US, including 28 cities in just 2 years. In LA, the Brown Berets protested police brutality on the part of the LAPD and the mass killings of soldiers, especially Chicano soldiers, in the Vietnam War. Several of their peaceful protests became violent when police came. Overtime, the organization resurfaced following murders or injustices against Chicanos. ]]> 2021-02-03 14:01:38 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158742407 sahearn4 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158745435 Espinoza an admitted resident of the US, and married to a US national brought suit against the Farah Manufacturing company after she was not hired because of her Mexican Citizenship. This violated the Civil Rights Act. The court ruled in favor of the Manufacturing Company and said that an employers decision to not hire someone because they are not citizen does not violate Civil Rights Acts.]]> 2021-02-03 14:02:11 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158745435 jwei41 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158748241 This court case ended segregation of schools in California. There wasn't any state law that allowed the segregation of Mexican Americans but they were put in different schools. The school board put Mexican Americans in different schools because the board thought Mexican Americans needed additional education to be Americanized. The court case argued that segregating Mexican American children is in violation of the 14th amendment and harmed them by making them feel inferior. The opposing side argued that federal courts did not have the right to rule on a case about schools. He also had the same reasoning as the school board for segregating Mexican Americans. Judge McCormick decided to not allow segregation because state law wasn't clear on segregation of Mexicans Americans and he said segregation makes people feel inferior which would affect their ability to learn.]]> 2021-02-03 14:02:39 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158748241 jbailey191 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158751351 "I Love Lucy," was a television program in the 50s that starred Lucille Ball and her husband Desi Arnaz. A note of importance is that Desi Arnaz was Cuban-American. The reason this is so important is because at the time, it was rare to see a regular, main character played by someone who wasn't white. At a time of heavy racial tension, I think Arnaz's role helped Americans become at ease with the fact that he was still an American citizen regardless of being Cuban. ]]> 2021-02-03 14:03:05 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158751351 zprice2 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158770285 The Cuban American Adjustment Act allowed Cubans and their spouses or children to become permanent residents of the United States if they were political refugees, were native to or a citizen of Cuba, and lived in the US for at least one year. Later in 1966, the “wet feet, dry feet” policy meant that any Cuban found coming to the US in US waters would be sent back to Cuba and therefore limited the application of the 1966 Adjustment Act. This is important today because the 1996 limiting of the Act proves that America is still working out how to hinder immigration and what ways of coming to America are more “legitimate” than others. 

]]> 2021-02-03 14:06:35 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1158770285 ttrinh18 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1161259823 In 1945, The Puerto Rican government decided to pass a law called, “Proyecto del Idioma (Law No. 51)" to certify that Spanish would be taught in public schools. Unfortunately, this law was vetoed by President Harry Truman in 1496. Until 1948, the federal government had control over what was being taught and the overall policies of education in Puerto Rico. This is still relevant in today's society because if Latinx students were unable to learn the language they spoke at home, it would be utterly discriminatory to not implement it in our education system, especially if there are a large amount of Latinx students across the nation.]]> 2021-02-03 22:20:42 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1161259823 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163567597 When you look at the 1940 United States Census, these are the options you have to fill in regards to your race: White, Negro, Indian, Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Hindu, and Korean. Notice how there isn't a single option for those who are of Mexican descent. At this point in United States history, those who were of Mexican descent were seen as white.]]> 2021-02-04 13:25:25 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163567597 athompson254 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163643110 Cesar Chavez, the son of immigrant field worker parents, founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962. He became a prominent union leader. Farm workers were suffering, having their rights crushed, and being put in harmful environments. In 1965, his union joined a strike of Filipino grape workers in Delano. By 1967/early 1968, the strike and boycotts were still going on, and some strikers were getting impatient with nonviolence. By only consuming water for 25 days as a way of taking responsibility for and strengthening his movement, Chavez recommitted the movement to nonviolence. When he finished his fast, it was passed on to other public figures. The strike succeeded by 1970, after a nationwide grape boycott. 
Image: Chavez breaking his fast with presidential candidate Robert Kennedy by his side. Kennedy was assassinated a few months later.]]> 2021-02-04 13:41:11 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163643110 lconroy9 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163673759 The event that caused the Mariel Boatlift to happen was when five people drove into the Peruvian embassy and were granted political asylum. During the chaos, a Cuban guard was killed in crossfire, so the government needed the five back for a trial. The embassy refused so that caused Castro to take all the Cuban guards off of the embassy. This then caused floods of Cubans requesting asylum from the embassy. Two weeks later Castro said the Mariel ports were open to everyone as long as they has a ride. 125,000 Cubans in all arrived in the US which was very overwhelming for the government. This started to negatively impact Jimmy Carter when they found out that some of the exiles were released from Cuban jails and mental hospitals and then came to the US. A lot of them were placed in refugee camps or federal prisons awaiting deportation. Out of the 125,000 exiles, more than 1,700 were jailed. The exodus ended in October 1980 through an agreement with the US and Cuba. ]]> 2021-02-04 13:47:14 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163673759 erosenthal21 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163686059 In 1968, students from Edgewood High School and Lanier High School, staged a walkout, setting off a string of walkouts in Southern Texas. Chicano students in Texas had faced racism and discrimination in the school system for a long time, and when things had not changed, they decided to take action. Students were treated unfairly at school, faced racist administrators and policies, and schools were never properly funded. The walkouts at Edgewood and Lanier were the earliest of the major Chicano student protests, which began the Chicano Student Movement in Texas. ]]> 2021-02-04 13:49:37 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163686059 astrid_wilder https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163688722 Hector Garcia was a Major in the US army. After he returned home from  WWI, he realized just how slow to respond the administration was to meet the Hispanic-American veterans' needs. He created a precursor to the American GI Forum, where Mexican-American veterans could address their concerns and express their discontent with the military’s discriminatory actions towards them.]]> 2021-02-04 13:50:07 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163688722 fmccleary2 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163689477 In 1966 Mexican Farm Workers are outraged by their working conditions. Making only 25 cents an hour and having no access to clean water (had to drink from puddles at times) as well as no toilets. They wanted to make the minimum wage at least $1.25 as well as have better working conditions so they set off to protest. Inspired by civil rights movements (selma march) they head to Austin Texas and 10,000 plus people walk in solidarity to the state capital. Although this march didn't directly lead to any changes, it brought awareness to the situation as well as inspiring a movement. ]]> 2021-02-04 13:50:15 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163689477 jbailey191 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163696453 The Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974, was a law that made bilingual education more accessible in public schools. This law not only required schools to provide for bilingual children, but it also prohibited discrimination in schools of any kind in regards to gender, race, or nationality. This act was so important because it allowed for Spanish speaking Americans to become more integrated into society, rather than being outsiders.

]]> 2021-02-04 13:51:34 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163696453 krouse31 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163697079 The Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF) was an activist and legal-aid organization established in 1968. It got its inspiration from the NAACP, and was created to help Mexican Americans have better access to their legal rights. It was originally founded by a group of lawyers that were fed up with the discrimination that Mexican Americans faced in the criminal justice system. Once the group was well-established, they began working on constitutional issues in order to achieve precedents that could protect Mexican Americans in the future. This group was and is important because they won many court cases that established that the discrimination against Mexican Americans that the government was carrying out was wrong, and gave Mexican Americans a pathway to challenge that discrimination in court.]]> 2021-02-04 13:51:41 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163697079 kkelley161 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163705918 19 year old farm worker, Cesar Chavez, along with thousands of others, left the field in order to learn about farmers rights and how to build a union. He began organizing campaigns against discrimination and directing voter registration drives. In 1962 Chavez formed the National Farm Workers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers of America.]]> 2021-02-04 13:53:21 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163705918 astrid_wilder https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163749177 In 1973, Dade County in Miami, Florida unanimously voted to make Spanish the city’s second official language, which was a referendum sponsored by the growing Cuban community in that area. 
Later that same year, Maurice Ferré became mayor of Miami. He was the first Puerto Rican to lead a major city in the US. He also spoke both Spanish and English.]]> 2021-02-04 14:01:00 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163749177 wdavis36 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163755819 In 1958, the musical West Side story, written by Arthur Laurents, premiers on broadway. It explores gang-conflict between white and Puerto Ricans in NYC, becoming one of the most successful musicals ever created. In the movie adaptation, Puerto-rican actress Rita Moreno is cast. Her performance in West Side Story  wins her an Oscar, making her the first Hispanic woman to ever be presented with the award.

]]> 2021-02-04 14:02:09 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163755819 xchen25 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163764722 In 1975, Congress extended the Voting Rights Act from 1965 and made amendments to protect the language minorities in the United States from voting discrimination. The law requires that jurisdictions with majority or a significant number of voters with limited to no English proficiency to provide voting materials and assistance in the voter's spoken languages in addition to English. This amendment provides minorities who lacks English proficiency to vote and have a voice in the elections. ]]> 2021-02-04 14:03:41 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163764722 cmccarthy121 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163779904 In 1966, Cesar Chavez lead a march with his union went on a march from Delano, California to Sacramento. This march put the grape strike and consumer boycott into national consciousness. The march was 25 days and 340 miles. ]]> 2021-02-04 14:06:14 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163779904 cmccarthy121 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163808934 2021-02-04 14:10:55 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163808934 jwei41 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163809183  Hispanic children in public schools were not being treated well so a freedom schools was opened called  Escuela de la Raza Unida. In one of the public schools, a principal allegedly put his hands on a student for showing an provocative film. The Hispanic community also wanted their history to be told.]]> 2021-02-04 14:10:58 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163809183 jwei41 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163822861 2021-02-04 14:13:17 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/pde4vwitglcyrodk/wish/1163822861