이유빈, 정주원, 최나영

marked with and '-ed' suffix or with a special past tense form

(preterite)

unmarked or marked with an '-s' suffix

inflected future lense X

→ the use of modal : will

→ the auxiliary : gonna, going

→ the use of present tense (futurates)

e.g. "We will not go quietly into the night!" - Independence Day (1996)

auxiliary : have/has/had + participle form of the main verb

e.g. I sent a message to Jane.

the agent → mentioned after a preposition (by) or omitted

e.g. "The world is being watched." - The Truman Show (1998)

(2) formal written instructions such as recipes (+ imperative form : 명령형)

(3) newspaper headlines

(4) talking about series of immediately completed actions and events ((1)과 연계)

(→ 말하면서 시범 : event time은 assertion time 이전(직전)이지만 과거 시제 아닌 present simple 사용한다.)

e.g. You close the window in the classroom.

e.g. A traffic accident occurs three hours ago.

→ 일종의 완료상이지만 present simple 사용 (performative verb의 경우, 다른 동사와는 다르게 present simple의 사용이 habitual한 상황을 의미하지 않음)

e.g. I promise to meet Tom tomorrow.

e.g. "I apologize, you mistrust me."-Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003)

e.g. "I understand what you're going through, but that doesn't make it right." - The Pursuit of Happyness (2006)

e.g. "The media says we’re just trying to scare people."-Don't Look Up (2021)

e.g. “Miles takes the lead. He pushes the GT40 to its limit.”-Ford v Ferrari (2019)

e.g. “It’s getting worse.” - Interstellar (2014)

e.g. “I’m spending more time at the park these days.”-Good Will Hunting (1997)

e.g. I'm reading The Lord of The Rings.

('근래에' 반지의 제왕을 읽고 있다.)

e.g. You are always making everything complicated!

e.g. "He's forever leaving wet towels on the floor!"-Friends

e.g. "She’s forever judging everyone with that look."-Gilmore Girls

e.g. "She’s continually asking me to do impossible things."-The Devil Wears Prada (2006)

(Context: Forrest describes his time in the Vietnam War.)

e.g. "I fought in the gladiatorial games for a long time. I killed men in battle and earned my freedom."-Gladiator (2000)

(Context: After being bitten by a genetically modified spider, Peter Parker experiences changes.)

e.g. "If we were all as good as you, we wouldn’t need to fight."-Guardians of the Galaxy (2014)

e.g. “It’s time we started fighting back.” - V for Vendetta (2005)

e.g. "It's time we faced the truth."-The Substance (2024)

e.g. "It's time we took control of the town."-Eddington (2025)

e.g. "I was still learning to control the visions."-Dune (2021)

e.g. "We were getting more desperate as the resources ran low."-A Quiet Place Part II (2020)

e.g. "I was becoming more disconnected from the world around me."-Soul (2020)

e.g. "You were always complaining about everything, and it was driving me crazy."-The Suicide Squad (2021)

-부정형: didn't use to/ never used to

e.g. "You never used to have secrets you wouldn't tell me!"-The Blue Lagoon (1980)​

e.g. “She would make me laugh, even when I didn’t want to.”-A Man Called Otto (2022)

-부정형: would은 부정형으로 잘 사용하지 않음. used to의 부정형으로 씀

e.g. "Scientists have discovered a comet that is on a direct collision course with Earth."-Don't Look Up (2021)

e.g. I've stayed up all night. (So I am really tired right now.)

e.g. "I’ve written you every day for a year."-The Notebook (2004)

e.g. "I have a daughter who wants to be a singer. I was wondering if you have any tips for her." ​-Taken(2008)

e.g. "I thought you might like to go for a walk with me."-The Farewell (2019)

e.g. "I’ve been preparing for this moment my entire life, and now it’s here."-Dune: Part Two (2024)

e.g. "I’ve been adjusting to college life for weeks, and it’s been overwhelming."-Inside Out 2 (2024)

e.g. "I’ve been digging this tunnel for 19 years."-The Shawshank Redemption (1994)

e.g. "We’ve been planning this for a long time."-Ocean’s Eleven (2001)

e.g. "I’ve been going to the same places, talking to the same people, doing the same things every day."-The Truman Show (1998)

e.g. regret - I'm regretting my dicision to give her the job.

e.g. consider - He's considering taking early retirement. ('think carefully about')

e.g. love - Ella's with us at the moment. The children are loving having her here.

e.g. "I expect you will end up dying. Their torture chambers are state of the art." -Seal Team 6: The Raid on Osama Bin Laden (2012)

sure

e.g. "I'm sure when she receives the letter, she will be much relieved." -Original Sin (2001)

wonder

e.g. "I wonder what will happen if nobody listens to us." -Don't Look Up (2021)

doubt whether

e.g. "I doubt whether she will ever come back." -Gone Girl (2014)

probably

e.g. "We probably will find a way to survive, but it won’t be easy." -Interstellar (2014)

e.g. "By the time the sun sets, we will be crossing the desert." -Dune (2021)

2.events that have already been arrange for a future date

e.g. "We will be meeting again tomorrow to discuss the will." -Knives out (2019)

3.very formal requests

e.g. "Will you be joining us for dinner this evening, Dr. Turing?" -The Imitation Game (2014)

past arrangement form

e.g. "The extraction was to have happened at midnight, but the target moved." -Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018)

the past form - describes an event in the past which was going to happen soon.

e.g. "I was just about to knock. I'm sorry." -The Station Agent (2003)

Present Continuous, be going to, Present Perfect, Past Simple and infinitive form can be used with causative verbs.

The form to use in the objective complement position is determined by whether the case is active or passive.

The agent is not mentioned unless it is important.

e.g. We had the house cleaned before the guests arrived.

e.g. She helped him to find a job.

→ make : 의무, 강제

→ have : (요구자와 수용자 모두 자연스럽게 받아들이는) 요청, 부탁

→ let : 허락, 방임

allow : 허락 (→ 해당 행위의 수행 여부는 확정 x)

e.g. Ice melts if you leave it in the sun.

: if + present simple, will ~

→ possible and likely results

e.g. "If you build it, they will come." - Field of Dreams (1989)

→ be going to, 진행형 등 사용 가능

e.g. If you are going to leave, you will miss the show.

e.g. If she is coming tomorrow, we will prepare dinner.

e.g. If you have finished it by then, I'll come and take it

2. if = as

3. if = because

e.g. If she's not answering her phone, she must be in a meeting. (If=As)

e.g. If you don't have the right tools, you won't finish the job properly. (If=Because)

e.g. If it rains tonight, we might cancel the picnic.

e.g. If you feel sick, you’d better stay home.

e.g. If he calls, don’t answer the phone.

e.g. If I send you the link, could you check the document?

: if + past simple, would~ (express distance from reality)

→ an imaginary situation with impossible or unlikely results

e.g. If I were taller, my strides would be longer and I could walk faster. (이유빈)

e.g. If I lived in Thailand, I would have mango sticky rice every day. (정주원)

e.g. If I stayed in my hometown, I would spend more time with my family. (최나영)

: if + had p.p., would have p.p. ~

→ an imaginary past situation (impossible)

e.g. If I had applied for the dormitory, I could have saved time. (이유빈)

e.g. If I had had more money, I would have rented a bigger and nicer apartment. (정주원)

e.g. If I had studied harder, I would have got a better grade on my mid-term exam. (최나영)

2. might = would perhaps / would possibly

e.g. If I spoke French, I could work in Paris.

e.g. If I knew her number, I might call her.

possibility로 구분하는 것

→ real/unreal은 고정적인 것이 아니라 화자가 처해 있는 상황과 문맥에 따라 달라짐

(less probable or more polite → past tense (2nd))

e.g. If you had told me, I might have helped.

→ a result in the present

e.g. "If I had only know it was the last walk in the rain, I'd keep you out for hours in the storm." - Reba McEntire, 'If I had only known'

e.g. If he were more diligent, he would have completed the project on time.

General: English is spoken worldwide.

Obvious: The window was broken.

Unimportant: The streets are cleaned every morning.

Intentional: Mistakes were made.

The customer was threatened with a knife.

-> using 'with' when something is used deliberately for a purpose.

Glass fragments were embedded in his arm by the blast.

• agent and instrument

e.g.

They talked to the new employee.

The new employee was talked to.

Everyone laughed at him.

He was laughed at.

2. that절을 포함한 경우

-> 종속절의 주어가 주절의 주어로 올라감

e.g.

Everyone expects that the team will win.
→ The team is expected to win.

People know that he lied in court.

→ He is known to have lied in court. (tense*)

+ that절을 데려오는 verbs:

say, believe, think, consider, report, suppose, expect, rumor, understand

3. 자동사('go')의 수동태

e.g. He went into the problem.

-> The problem was gone into.

# go into = investigate

(go가 다른 의미로 쓰였을때만 수동태 가능)

e.g.

He sent his mother a letter.

• His mother was sent a letter.

• A letter was sent (to) his mother.

+ 간접목적어만 agent:

spare, kiss, envy, save, refuse, deny, call

e.g.

They called her a genius.

• She was called a genius. (O)

• A genius was called her. (X)

+ 직접목적어만 agent:

make, buy, get, cook, find, order, choose, build, do, write, read, sing, bring

e.g.

They made her a sandwich.

• A sandwich was made for her. (O)

• She was made a sandwich. (X)

e.g.

The company appointed Alex marketing director.
→ Alex was appointed marketing director.

• 목적격 보어가 to부정사 형태일 경우

e.g.

The manager warned him to be careful.
→ He was warned to be careful.

e.g.

She made him clean the room.

-> He was made to clean the room.

• have

e.g.

He had the mechanic fix the car.

-> He was asked to fix the car. (by the mechanic).

• let

e.g.

They let her leave early.

-> She was allowed to leave early.

They heard her sing a song.

-> She was heard to sing a song.

(complete 노래를 다 부른 순간)

They heard her singing a song.

-> Sje was heard singing a song.

(incomplete 노래를 부르는 순간)

(단순 명령문보다 polite)

e.g.

Open the door.
→ Let the door be opened.

+ 부정형:

Don't let the door be opened.

Let the door not be opened.

e.g.

She told her that she should be brave.

-> she was told that she should be brave.

• say (~라고 말하다.)

e.g.

Jane says that the cat is independent animal.

-> the cat is said to be independent animal.

e.g. “I wish I knew what it was like to belong.” – Barbie (2023)

e.g. “I wish I were braver.” – Everything Everywhere All at Once (2022)

노래 가사 “I wish that I was better at the things I do” -Kina - Wish I Was Better feat. yaeow

Wishes with ‘could’ also express a feeling about the present

e.g. “I wish I could remember your name.” – Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023)

e.g. “I wish I could stop you from being so wonderful.” - A Star Is Born (2018)

Wishes about the past – use past perfect as in a third conditional sentence

e.g. “I wish I had never taken this stupid job. I wish I had never met you.”- Me Before You (2016)

I wish + would

e.g. 노래 가사 “I wish you would come back” -Taylor Swift – I Wish You Would

e.g. “I wish she would just admit she likes me.” - 10 Things I Hate About You (1999)

We often use ‘I wish… would’ to complain about a situation: the speaker wants an action or event to change (We use ‘I wish…would..’ for actions and changes, not situations)

e.g. “I wish you would understand how hard this job is.”- The Devil Wears Prada (2006)

e.g. “I wish this internet connection would stop dropping!”- The Intern (2015)

e.g. “It’s like I’ve been run over by a truck, as though someone had kicked me in the stomach.”- Forrest Gump (1994)

e.g. 노래 제목 ‘AS IF IT’S YOUR LAST(마지막처럼)’ - BLACKPINK

As if 가정법이지만 가정법 시제를 사용하지 않는 경우

e.g. “He acts as if he owns the place.”- The Lion King (1994)

e.g. 노래 가사 “Light up, light up as if you have a choice” -Snow Patrol – Run

e.g. 소설 대사 “Hearing the footsteps, Jane felt her heart beat faster.” - Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë

Because/as 생략

e.g. “Being the king, T’Challa had to make tough decisions.” - Black Panther (2018)

If 생략

e.g. “Spotting the target, proceed with caution.” - Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018)

Although 생략

e.g. “Injured, he fought till the end.” - Gladiator (2000)

주어가 다른 경우 생략하지 않는다

e.g. The sun shining brightly, they decided to have a picnic.”- Pride and Prejudice (2005)

주절의 주어가 there, it 같은 가주어일 때 두 절의 주어가 달라도 생략 가능하다

e.g. 소설 대사 “Peering into the dark room, there shone a faint light.” - Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë

e.g. “Looking across the valley, there stood the mighty fortress of Minas Tirith.” - The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)

주어를 신경 안 쓰는, 굳어진 분사구문들

(Generally speaking, strictly speaking, frankly speaking, roughly speaking, judging from, other things being equal, all things being considered, granting that, seeing that)

e.g. “Other things being equal, the player with the higher on-base percentage is more valuable.” - Moneyball (2011)

e.g. “Granting that you’re right, we still need more data.” - The Imitation Game (2014)

(= if not)

if something doesn't happen, something else will happen as a result

e.g. Unless someone like you cares a whole awful lot, nothing is going to get better. - The Lorax (written by Dr. Seuss)

Otherwise

(=if not)

: 중간에 넣을 수도 있고, 분리된 문장 끝에 넣을 수도 있음

→ (조건), otherwise (결과).

→ (조건). (결과) otherwise.

e.g. Hurry up, otherwise we'll be late for the movie.

If Only

: ~하기만 하면

(1) if의 강조

(2) exclamation (주절 없는 감탄문 형태로 사용)

(3) 시제 사용

→ past : 현재 의미 (with exclamation)

→ would + 동사 원형 : 미래 의미

→ past perfect : 과거 의미

e.g. "If only, if only, " the woodpecker sighs
"The bark on the trees was as soft as the skies" - If only (song from the book 'Holes' written by Louis Sachar)

Only If

: ~해야만 (강화된 조건 표현)

→ only if의 emphatic way : providing/provided (that), as long as, on condition (that)

e.g. I'll go to the party only if you come with me.

Even If

: ~한다 할지라도, 심지어 ~하더라도

→ 가정의 의미지만, 반드시 가정법 시제를 사용해야 하는 것은 아님.

※ Even If vs. Even Though

→ Even If : 사실인지 아닌지 모르는 상황에서의 순수 가정 (~일지라도)

→ Even Though : 그것이 사실이지만 (fact 기반), 그럼에도 불구하고... (~이지만)

e.g. I'm going to the concert even if it rains.

If (you) Should

: 혹시라도 ~하면

→ 별로 가능성이 없는 일 + 공손한 부탁

→ 도치된 형태로 많이 사용 : Should you ~

e.g. If you should need any help, please don't hesitate to call me.

e.g. Should you change your mind, let me know.

If + Happen To

→ should와 함께 쓰면 unlikelyhood 강조

e.g. If you happen to see Tom, tell him I'm looking for him.

If (S) Were To

(1) speculate about the future

(2) 정말 만약의 경우

e.g. If we were to move to another city, where would you want to live?

e.g. I bought a new car, which cost me a fortune.

2. 앞 문장 전체를 받을 때 : which 사용

e.g. He failed the exam, which surprised everyone.

3. concatenated relative clauses

: think, imagine, believe, suppose, guess, claim, be sure

e.g. This is the man who I think helped us yesterday.

4. 전치사는 관계 대명사 that과 사용하지 않지만, 문장을 잘 확인해야 함!

→ in that (접속사) : ~ 라는 점에서

5. the only와 같이 한정적인 표현 + 관계대명사 that 사용

e.g. You're the only person that understands me.

6. 두 개의 관계대명사절로 이중 수식 받을 수 있음

e.g. I know a girl lives nearby that speaks French.

7. 주격관계대명사 생략 가능 경우

(1) 복문

→ 선행사 + (관계대명사 생략) + concatenated clause + ...

e.g. The man I think lives next door is a doctor.

(2) 관계대명사가 be동사의 보어일 때

→ 선행사 + (관계대명사 생략) + S + be

e.g. He's not the person I am.

(3) 주절이 there is/here is로 시작할 때

→ There is/Here is + 선행사 + (관계대명사 생략) + V ...

e.g. There's a book needs to be returned.

(4) Emphasis

→ It is 선행사 + (관계대명사 생략) ...

(일종의 it that 구문에서 that 대신 주격 관계 대명사 사용)

e.g. It's you made the difference.

(5) 관계 대명사 바로 뒤에 there is를 사용할 때

→ 선행사 +(관계대명사 생략) there is ...

8. 계속적 용법 → 관계 대명사 생략 불가능

9. ~ of + whom/which

→ none of / neither of / any of / either of / both of / half of / each of / one of / the majority of / the (superlative) of / the cause of / the name of

e.g. There were ten candidates, half of whom were qualified.

10. 연속적인 일 연결 : which 사용

e.g. He studied hard, which helped him pass, which made his parents proud.

→ S said that ~ / S told I.O. that ~

e.g. Mama said there'll be days like this - Mama said by The Shirelles

e.g. I love this book. I bought it here yesterday and I'm reading it now. → She said she loved that book. She had bought it there the day before and was reading it then.

1. 시제 전환

(1) 현재 → 과거

(2) 현재 완료 → 과거 완료

(3) 과거 → 과거 완료

2. 조동사 변환

(1) can → could

(2) will → would

(3) may → might

(4) shall (in requests) → should

3. NOT Back-Shifted

(1) 습관 : 현재형 유지

(2) 불변의 진리 : 현재형 유지

(3) 역사적 사건 : 과거형 유지

(4) Second-Conditional & Third-Conditional : 가정법 시제 유지

※ First-Conditional은 조건절이므로 back-shifted함.

(5) Polite requests beginning with Could/Would : 의문사 없는 의문문이므로 if (혹은 whether) 추가하고 시제는 그대로 유지

4. 관점 전환

(1) this → that

(2) here → there

(3) now → then

(4) today → that day

(5) yesterday → the day before, the previous day

(6) tomorrow → the next day, the following day

5. 모든 것은 문맥/상황에 따라 결정되며, 의미의 명확한 전달이 가장 중요하다.

예를 들어, 'this book'이라는 말을 전달할 때, 그 책이 지금 내 눈앞에 있다면 굳이 that book이라고 할 필요 없이 눈앞에 있는 책을 가리키며 this book이라고 칭하면 됨.

1. Typical behaviour

• Frequency

to talk about things in the past that happened often or always

e.g. 노래 제목: Bang Bang - Nancy sinatra

"He would always win the fight"

• Annoying behaviour

to express annoyance or irratation at things that are happening now. There is usually a sense that this is typical or not very surprising.

e.g. 영화: Bridget Jones’s Diary

“You would say that, wouldn’t you?”

• wouldn't you know it!

e.g. “Wouldn’t you know it, he’s late again!”

2. intention

refer to an intention from the point of view of the past

e.g. 영화: Titanic

“He promised he would take me to America.”

3. willingness

to describe what people are willing to do.

e.g. 영화: Pride and Prejudice

“I would do anything in the world to make you happy.”

4. past willingness and refusals

e.g. "He would help me with my homework whenever I asked."

e.g. 영화: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone

“It wouldn’t open!”

5. future in the past

past narrative to refer to later future events

e.g. 영화: Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring

“Little did he know that this simple act of kindness would change the course of the future.”

6. interpersonal uses

used in polite requests and offers as a softer form of will.

e.g. 영화: The King’s Speech

“Would you please try to speak more slowly?”

7. imagined situations

when talking about the result of a possible or imagined situation or event to mention an unlikely situation or event that you want to happen.

e.g. 노래: You Wouldn’t Know — Helen Reddy

“You would know if you cared to see.”

8. past supposition

e.g. 노래: He Would Be Sixteen — Michelle Wright

“He would be sixteen today if he were here.”