Gives rights to the people for expressing their opinions and beliefs through different forms. This amendment only gives this freedom when its in a peaceful many- to the point where ones personal expression does not disrupt the function of the government.

COURT CASE

Tinker v. Des Moiness - This court case demonstrates children's freedom of speech. A few students in the school district wore arm bands to show their protest of the Vietnam War, but the school district insisted that this disrupted the rules of the schools and made the students remove them. But in the conclusion of this case, it was ruled that the school district was violating the student's first amendment rights and that these rights were above those shown in the district.

Giving the citizens of the country to be able to obtain firearms for personal protection outside the lines of a militia. A citizen who wishes to obtain a firearm for themselves would not be refused unless they do not meet the needed requirements. This allows those certain individuals to obtain and hold firearms inside their homes or on their persons if felt needed for their protection.

COURT CASE

In the court case DC v. Heller, the District of Colombia passed an act which prohibited the possession of hand guns to individuals, but exception for law enforcement. The act also required all firearms to be disassembled and unloaded. One individual, Dick Heller, is an officer in DC and applied for a handgun permit for his protection because of high statistics of drug use and crime in his area. He was denied access for the permit. This act contradicted what the second amendment was granting the citizens' right to self-defense.

Prevents the government from forcing soldiers to be housed in a neighborhood without the families consent. While this doesn't seem to be something the government would do in the modern day, it became a problem during the Revolutionary War. But this amendment still protects individuals' homes from having to house soldiers.

COURT CASE

During the court case Engblom v. Carey, the third amendment was violated during a strike in 1979 where correction officers were evicted from their residences to house members of National Guard without their notice or consent.

Allows for individuals' protection of their homes to allow them to refuse search or seizures within their property without a warrant. No official has authority to search inside a residency or take any of the property without a reason. This allows applies to arrests- an official can not arrest an individual without a reason.

COURT CASE

Alabama v. White took place during 1990 when an anonymous tip was sent in to the police in Montgomery where it stated that a women had possession of cocaine in her vehicle. Police followed up on it and pulled her over and searched her car after receiving permission from White. But it was stated in trial that the officer did not have reasonable suspicion to search her car and the act violated White's fourth amendment right.

Provides protection to individuals who are accused of a crime. They are required to be given a case which is represented with a jury. An individual cannot be imprisoned without a full process of a trial and case (due process of law).

COURT CASE

The Dickerson v. United States case brought up a formal case- Miranda v. Arizona, which makes it to where an officer cannot interrogate an individual until after being read their fifth amendment rights. In Dickerson v. United States, Dickerson was arrested and where its disputed when he was read his Miranda rights- Dickerson claiming he was not read them until after giving statement in interrogation. The Court ruled that the Miranda rights practice is embedded in the constitutional practice and cannot be overruled.

Grants citizens the right to have a trail as soon as possible, and to be public- not private or hidden. This allows for a case to not be postponed because of the traits. Grants equal access to each case so each is treated the same.

COURT CASE

In the case Gideon v. Wainwright, Gideon was brought to trial without a lawyer and asked to be presented with one. He was denied lawyer because of Florida law of only providing lawyers in capital cases. Gideon had to represent himself in court, which led to the ruling of being found guilty. He later filed a Habeas Corpus petition against Florida.

Expands rights from criminal case to those accused of a civil case. They are given the right to a civil case jury which acts the same as criminal case.

COURT CASE

Beacon Theatre threatened to sue Fox West Theatre over rights to "first-runs" of movies claiming Fox West Coast violated the Sherman Antitrust Act in Beacon Theatres, Inc. v. Westover. Court denied Beacon a jury trial because of the case involving multiple matter of law, but Beacon appealed and claimed the fact from the seventh amendment that they were to be decided by a jury. Which was confirmed by the Ninth Circuit Court.

States boundaries on the unnecessary punishments or fines against cases. An officer cannot give out an unusual punishment that does not equal the crime committed. The punishment must equal what had happened in case.

COURT CASE

In Furman v. Georgia, Furman had broken an entry and robbed a home but was caught by a family member. In his attempt to flee, he tripped dropping his loaded weapon which went off and killed the family member. In court, Furman was sentenced to murder. In two other cases brought from him, he was ruled the death penalty. The Court ruled violation of eighth amendment from being an unusual punishment for Furman.

Expands on the rights stated in the Constitution. Does not limit the citizens rights to what is stated in Constitution- each individual has more rights than what is written down.

COURT CASE

In 1970, court case Roe v. Wade was brought to court because of Wade filing a lawsuit against Roe for challenging the illegalization of abortions. Roe alleged the State laws being unconstitutional and violating the ninth amendment of personal privacy rights.

Limits power to government. States that the government only has powers which have been stated in the Constitution, unlike the citizens. If rights are not stated for the government, it is deemed rights for the citizens or the State.

COURT CASE

United States v. Darby was brought to court after Congress passing the Fair Labor Standards Act which regulated employment with wages and hours. Darby was shipped lumber out of state when he was arrested for violating FLSA. When viewed in court, his charges were dropped because the court finding FLSA unconstitutional in reasoning of this case. These effects of FLSA were violating the Commerce Clause.