Internal Factors-

• Slow to expand education for peasants, build roads, and transportation networks supporting entrepreneurs with loans and contracts.

• Resisting calls for reforms

External Factors

• No strong economic base that led to weak military.

  • Conflicts between communism and capitalism.

  • Losing the Crimean War against Ottoman, Brittian, and France.

  • Losing to Industrialized countries

-Soviet Union = communist system

- U.S. = capitalist system

-Policy of containment = not letting communism spread further.

NATO + Warsaw pact: treaty and pact pledged mutual support cooperation and combined their army leaders in Moscow within the alliance against conflicts + wars

-Korean War: Began in 1950 and ended in 1953. Began with the goal of reuniting Korea under its leadership.

Internal Factors-

• Ethnic tension

• Danger of famine due to high population but unable to meet the food supply demand

• Low government revenue, which meant no resources to maintain roads, bridges, and irrigation canals

• Can't collect taxes

External Factors

• Europe's industrialization

• Chinese resources such as tea and silk being popular with Europeans but the Chinese disliked Europeans and didn't want their influence in China

• Opium Wars

• Trying to fend off imperialism

*Important because religion was how they explained life.

people who supported these ideas: Francis Bacon, John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Baron Montesquieu, ect..

-enlightenment created/ impacted society with new beliefs and ideas. Led to Revolutions.

• Deism

• conservatism

• socialism

• classical liberalism

• abolitionism

  
  

  
  

Colonialism- is the experience of the other group who are being ruled

New Imperialism- New technologies, ideas, and beliefs that gave Europeans and the inhabitants + a few other counties, a motive and justification for constructing empires; Mostly European countries taking over Africa + parts of Asia

• Natural Rights

• Popular sovereignty

• social contract

• freedom of speech and expression

-American Revolution: Caused by Britain interfering with the lives of colonists by taxing them and passing several acts they didn't like (Stamp Act & Tea Act). Resulted in colonists boycotting and revolting. Creation of the US and gained independence. Revolution became an inspiration to other revolutions. political revolution.

-French Revolution: Caused by King Louis XVI favoring 2 estates and not the 3rd one. 3rd estate revolts.

-Haitian Revolution: Caused by enslaved people wanting their independence from France. The economy was based on plantations. only successful slave revolt. A Social & Political Revolution.

-Latin American: A series of revolutions from wanting their independence from Spain. Political Revolution.

-Result: The U.S. broke off trade and cut diplomatic ties.

-Response from soviets: Began to support cuba with arms and military advisors. (shipped missiles to cuba in 1962).

-White revolution: The shah instituted several progressive reforms, known as the white revolution b/c they come without bloodshed.

-1968: (The year of the revolt)

Protests took place on university campuses discontent was high student pop.

Alliances- Secret alliances where countries agree to help and protect each other when attacked.

Imperialism- Western European countries became rivals for global domination. It was also a driving force behind the European tensions leading up to the Archduke's assassination.

Nationalism- The felling in pride of one's national identity. The Ottoman & Austro-Hungarian Empire rallied with nationalists' movements with their subjects which encouraged them to revolt and start a war against the Serbian government.

-No effective land reforms

-Had economic success

-a western supported leader came to power

India:

-Gandhi leads independence movement. In 1947 India gains independence + divides.

-Global Economic Crisis; The Great Depression

-Led to WWII

-Rise of Communism, Fascism, Colonial Revolts, & Genocide

Poison Gas- Extremely painful & long-lasting effects (permanent damage to lungs); increased the death toll.

Machine Guns- Had a deadly impact & made it difficult for either side in a battle to gain new territory.

Airplanes- Wreaked havoc on shipping lands, could observe enemy lines & began aerial conflict.

Armenian Genocide- Christian Armenians were deported to camps or outright killed for being suspected of cooperating with the Russian Army. Up to 1.5 million Armenians died, to this day Turkey denies it being genocide.

The Holocaust- The Nazi Party persecuted disabled people, homosexuals, anyone not "Aryan", and especially Jews. The people were sent to labor camps were unspeakable conditions and massacred.

Rwanda Genocide-After the death of the Hutus leader that was allegedly killed by the Tutsis it started the genocide of Tutsis. It was ethnic and tribal hatred that led to this, eventually almost a million deaths between both groups. This started international conversations about genocide.

• Television & Radio ads

• Cell phones

• Social media

• Airplanes

The Green Revolution

• Genetic Engineering

• Cross breeding

• Energy Technologies

• Solar & Wind

• Nuclear power plants

Medical Innovations

• Antibiotics

• Vaccines

• Reliable birth control

Poverty Associated Diseases

Malaria- A parasitic disease spread by mosquitoes

Tuberculosis- Airborne disease spread through coughs and sneezes

Cholera- A Bacteria disease spread through contaminated water, affects poor people in developing countries.

Epidemics

Spanish Flu- Spread along trade routes & military troupes

HIV/AIDS- Contracted through sex, blood transfusions, & sharing needles. Serious issue worldwide, and common with homosexual men.

Ebola- Contracted through exposure to fluids of infected people or animals. Massive outbreak in West Africa.

Great Depression- Germany's economic problems worsened, causing desperation for action, creates conditions for Dictators to take power.

Rise of Totalitarian/Fascist Dictators- Promised to solve issues, gained power by promising to take direct action: LEGALLY gained power.

Appeasement- Great Britian & other Europeans appease Hitler's demand to conquer land; only incites him to keep going. Didn't want another war so they would agree.

Invasion of Poland- Hitler invades Poland & officially starts WWII

-The government executed imprisoned + sent to labor camps hundreds of dissents.

Uganda:

-Amin set policies that worsened ethnic tension

Military:

-Combination of government departments + private businesses supplying their demands.

-Economic crises, no longer growing + limited foreign trade.

-Reforms + freedom movements.

U.S.:

-The detente could help the U.S. with communism and eased tensions between superpowers.

Soviet Afghan War:

-Soviets had tried to invade Afghanistan, but withdrew. The war put on stress on Soviets centralized economic system.

Challenges that emerged:

-Political alliances changed + world became more interconnected.

Desertification- The removal of natural vegetation cover through expansion and intensive use of agricultural lands in arid and semi-arid lands.

Causes

• Population Growth increased the need to be fed, demand for crop land which resulted in deforestation, soil erosion, & smaller habitats for plants/animals.

• Urbanization led to mass amounts of waste & polluting water they depend on.

• Globalization and Industrialization increased the number of natural resources needed and use of cars that contributes to pollution.

Methods to Expand (Great Britain>Africa)

• Spread western education, English language, and Christianity

• Diplomacy and warfare to expand

Scramble for Africa

• Great competition to get natural resources from Africa, aka "Scramble for Africa"-> leaders feared this competing effort of Europeans to colonize Africa would lead to war

• Berlin Conference, a meeting of European powers to provide for orderly colonization of Africa (Africans not invented) they agreed to colonial boundaries and the free movement of goods in Africa's rivers.

Ag tech/ Technology that helped industrialization:

• crop rotation: Led to an increase in food production which spiked population because of how it contributed to their diets.

• Spinning Jenny & Water frame- Reduced time to spin yarn and weave clothes.

• interchangeable Parts- for manufacturing firearms=less work for each worker.

As industrialization spread throughout European countries, production moved from Asia to Europe.

• France & Germany- France's industrialization was delayed because of war and Germany was also delayed because of their political fragmentation.

• US- Workforce was a key factor in the success of their industrial force because it brought more people= more people to work in factories.

• Russia- industrialized because of railroads and exports.

• Japan- Defensively modernization, adapted tech and institutions from Europe and US to protect themselves and save their traditional culture.

• Climate change skeptics, in contrast, questioned whether global warming was happening and whether human activities had any influence on the climate.

  
  

Kyoto Protocol:

• The first international agreement to reduce carbon emissions was the Kyoto Protocol; signed in 1997. However, the U.S. refused to ratify it.

Paris Agreement:

• In 2015, 195 countries signed the deal that gave new hope for progress against global warming.

Climate activism:

• 15-year-old Greta Thunberg raged in a speech at a U.S. climate conference in 2018.

Economic Liberalization- Opening up a country's economy

Knowledge Economy- Creates, distributes, and uses knowledge and information. Jobs such as designers, engineers, teachers, etc.

Manufacturing was shifted towards Asia & Latin America because knowledge economies development caused industrial manufacturing to decline.

World Trade Organization- Governs more than 90% of international trade

Multinational Corporations operate across the world. Such examples of this are Microsoft and Google. Mcdonald's is also an example as they operate globally and have many fast food restaurant chains.

• After WW2, Finland entered the global marketplace. Encouraging competition and establishing the science + technology policy council to set a direction of economic growth through technology + innovations.

Japan:

• After WW2, Japan implemented economic policies similar to 18th century mercantilist policies that were designed to increase exports + decrease imports. As well as policies to boost competiveness.

• Importers who once purchased their manufactured goods from China have been finding other options in such Asian countries as Viet. + Bangla. Where labor costs tend to be lower than in China. Both countries have become known for exporting clothing.

Mexico + Honduras:

• In 1994, the U.S., Canada, and Mexico negotiated NAFTA agreement. Many factories hired large numbers of young women and exposed them to harsh working conditions.

Enlightment Ideas- Indigenous groups are literatured + can read ideas from the past, inspire then to fight for rights + freedom

Sovereignty- self-government

Examples

• Tupac Amaru II rebelled against the Spanish in Peru; he continued to identify with his Inca heritage in spite of having a formal Jesuit education. 1780, he arrested + executed a colonial administrator, charging him with cruelty. Last general revolt against Spain, Tupac and his family captured and killed.

• Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement; The Xhosa people did not want to rule by Europeans. Their cattle were getting sick/dying by dieses caught from the cattle of British settlers-> Killed their cattle and destroyed crops believing it would case spirts to remove British settlers. Resulted a famine, death of thousands of people + British staying

International agreements and Institutions can destroy small local businesses. Many small businesses can't cross state lines or national borders. They are also unable to extract the natural resources they need as easily as big corporations can.

Anti-Globalists want human rights, fair trade, sustainable development, and debt relief or restructure.

• Steam Engine- provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam- Generated energy for machinery in textile factories

• iron-a valuable component in transportation and industry

• Steel- was refined and improved so it was a strong and versatile backbone of the industrial society. (one of the innovations that led to the Second Revolution.

• oil- used for automobile, and airplane technology (gasoline became important)

• electricity- used for street lighting and electric street trains.

• communications- refined transmitters made telephones more practical, radios.

  
  

• industrialization=money and power.