Remake of Statebuilding: Africa & Americas by JohnAndrew Tano https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8 1200-1450 en-us 2020-10-02 13:46:46 UTC 2025-05-25 14:09:24 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f5fa.png Question D s1648445 https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614091 Identify and Explain one Economic similarity between the two East African States

One economic similarity between Ethiopia and Zimbabwe is the prominence of water-based trade, with countries in the Middle East and South Asia. Ethiopia largely took control over the Red Sea, extending into Arabian ports, and utilized the Nile River to trade with Egypt. Similarly, in the Zimbabwe, the kingdom gained access to the Swahili coast, which opened up trade routes through the Indian Ocean. This allowed merchants to easily trade with Middle Eastern countries, as well as South Asia, and even East Asia, for luxury products such as porcelain. In both of these states, sea-based or river-based trade became prominent because of the convenient routes that they opened up, allowing trade with other empires and states. ]]> 2020-10-02 13:46:46 UTC https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614091 Question C s1648445 https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614094 Identify and Explain one difference between the record keeping systems of the Inca and Hausa Kingdoms. 

One difference between the record keeping system of the Inca and the Hausa kingdoms was that the Inca used quipu, a system of knots and strings that have different meanings, to keep records, while the Hausa used Arabic, a conventional alphabet system. The Inca did not have an alphabet system, and therefore had to record their history using unique techniques, eventually culminating in the use of the quipu. On the other hand, the Hausa used Arabic as a written form of keeping texts because they interacted with Muslim traders who spread the language and writing system. These developmental differences between the Inca and Hausa Empires is what created the differences between their record keeping systems.]]> 2020-10-02 13:46:46 UTC https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614094 Question B s1648445 https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614096 Identify and Explain one difference between the two states in Central America.

One difference between the Mayan and Teotihuacan civilization is the type of government each had. The Mayans had multiple independent city-states, which were extremely fragmented, and no city-state ever succeeded in unifying them and creating an empire whereas the Teotihuacan were ruled by kings and many powerful individuals. The Mayans covered a wide range of land in Central America, so the lack of a cohesive empire across Mesoamerica was probably due in part to the large number of rulers jostling for power and difficult geography. Mayan cities were located in diverse environments ranging from rainforest to highlands, which made governing over multiple cities difficult. The Teotihuacans on the other hand were a large metropolis and first started out being a city and then expanded. It's urban planning was mainly possible due to it's highly centralized government and similar landscape. Due to these varying developmental situations, we see a difference in terms of government between the Mayan and the Teotihuacan civilizations.
 ]]> 2020-10-02 13:46:46 UTC https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614096 Question A s1648445 https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614099 A similarity they both share is agriculture. Back then the majority of their food source came from growing crops and many irrigation canals and systems were built to increase the amount of food and harvests they had. Today we do the same thing and use similar systems and rely heavily on agriculture to feed ourselves.]]> 2020-10-02 13:46:46 UTC https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614099 Step 2! s1648445 https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614104 Once Complete, you need to start thinking collectively and looking for trends and patterns.

Together, complete the writing tasks in Greenland, Russia, Australia, and Argentina. 

When done, click "share", copy link, and submit the link to the HUB assignment along with adding all group member's names]]> 2020-10-02 13:46:46 UTC https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614104 Maya City-States s1648445 https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614107 1. Type of State/Government
Independent city-states ruled by kings. The Maya believed that their king was given the right to rule by the gods and that they worked as the intermediary between the people and gods. Political system of city-states and regional kingdoms was highly fragmented: frequent warfare; capture and sacrifice of prisoners, densely populated urban and ceremonial centers, and no city-state ever succeeded in creating a unified empire.

2. Economic System/s, Potential Trade Route Connections, Potential Trade Partners
  • The Mayan economy was largely based on food and agriculture. Farmers gave up portion's of each crop, or paid with other items such as salt, cloth, honey, fruit, and domestic animals to the government and also used them to buy and trade goods.
  • The Tainos of the Caribbean island of Cuba and the Quechua from South America traded with the Maya for cacao beans.
  • The Maya area, did not have pack animals to carry goods. Also, the mountainous and jungle terrain made the use of the wheel for transport very difficult. Instead slaves would carry goods on their backs or goods were sent via rivers and the sea.

3. Social Structure or Hierarchy
  1. Priests
  2. Nobles & Wealthy
  3. Commoners & Low-level Govern Officers
  4. Slaves & Servants

4. Notable Cultural Characteristics
- The Mayan religion was Polytheist, and they worshiped more than 165 Gods.
- Blood was viewed as a potent source of nourishment for the Maya deities, and the sacrifice of a living
creature was a powerful blood offering.
- The Maya built pyramids, temples, palaces, walls, residences and more. They were great architects but unable to finish the arch.
- The Maya had a ball game called Pok-A-Tok. The objective of the game was to move a hard rubber ball without the use of hands or feet through a hoop.

5. How do inhabitants shape the environment?
The Mayans built structures such as large plazas for public gatherings, canals to control the flow of water, and shaped nearby hillsides into flat terraces to allow farmers to grow crops.

6. Name/s of group member/s working on this section
Ayushi Mohanty

7. Support with at least 1 image or other form of media depicting an aspect described (to add more images, just drop a new pin nearby)
Picture Above.
]]> 2020-10-02 13:46:46 UTC https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614107 Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe s1648445 https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614110 1. Type of State/Government, Identify & Describe
- The Kingdom of Zimbabwe emerged from the city of Great Zimbabwe.
- the Kingdom consisted of Great Zimbabwe and 150 other local settlements that paid tribute to the Kingdom
- The Kingdom was ruled by a central government in Great Zimbabwe, and several local governments that had sovereignty over their settlements, but still had to pay the royals.

2. Economic System/s, Potential Trade Route Connections, Potential Trade Partners
- Traded through the Indian Ocean with South Asia, East Asia, Middle East and East Africa
- Biggest commodity was gold, with rich gold fields and taxes on gold transport
- Prosperity was also built on agriculture and livestock
- local governments were taxed by the Kingdom

3. Social Structure or Hierarchy
- 3 class structure, with royals living in Great Zimbabwe, local governments, rulers, and officials, and the impoverished lower class
- The upper classes had walls built around their settlements, with soldier protecting it, to keep the impoverished out
- The highest class which resided in Great Zimbabwe was built on a hill, as a reminder to the lower class that the royals were at a higher class than them

4. Notable Cultural Characteristics (Religion & Architecture at minimum)
- developed an architectural style of using stone to build homes, the Great Zimbabwe being the most prominent of these cities, with large stone walls.
- The people of Great Zimbabwe likely worshipped Mwari, who was the god in the Shona religion, but after colonization Christianity became prominent
- since Zimbabwe was such a huge trade city, Arabic influence was prominent, and was even blended with Bantu to form Swahili

5. How do inhabitants shape the environment?
- The Great Zimbabwe began overflowing with people, which led to overgrazing and destroyed the nearby environment, eventually leading to the collapse of the city.
- mining and gold panning was prominent, which led to the northern rivers being panned clean
- built several ports along the coast to access the Indian Ocean Trade

6. Name/s of group member/s working on this section
Tanish Madan

7. Support with at least 1 image or other form of media depicting an aspect described (to add more images, just drop a new pin nearby) ]]> 2020-10-02 13:46:46 UTC https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614110 Cahokia s1648445 https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614114 1. 
-Cahokia was a complex chiefdom 
    -A group of chiefdoms ruled by one supreme center
    - Nobles are not involved agriculture 
2. 
- Was the center of the trading network spread across North America
- Economy was heavily corn based, and steady food source attracted many people leading the population to grow significantly
3.
-They had a caste system and those who were higher up managed the lower class
- The farmers grew food for those in the city
4. 
- They sacrificed many people (It is unknown why)
- A structure called Monks Mound which was a 100 ft tall structure used as a city center
-They had Woodhenges which were pointed exactly where the sun rose and many believed they were trying to connect with the sun or some other being
- They had a matrilineal society
5. How do inhabitants shape the environment?
- They built over 120 large dirt mounds 
6. 
- Elif Ozgel]]> 2020-10-02 13:46:46 UTC https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614114 Teotihuacan/Mexica s1648445 https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614116 1. The Teotihuacan government was ruled by alliances of elite families and a king, however, the king did not have any actual authority or power.

2. The Teotihuacan conquered peoples and cities and made them deliver tribute to Mexica rulers. Vast marketplaces reflected the commercialization of the economy. Used military to expand trade relations.

3. At the very top of the social hierarchy are the elite families and the king, At the bottom of the social hierarchy are the slaves that were often referred to as "goods" traded in the city.

4. The Mexica believed that the sun was critical to all life and was associated with Huitzilopochtli. In order to give the sun more "energy" human sacrifices were made. They had a very unique agricultural style where they created artificial islands the supported highly productive agriculture called "floating gardens."

5. The inhabitants shaped the environment by building canals, dikes, causeways, and bridges. they also shaped the environment by creating the "floating islands,"

6. Jack Waligura

7. Picture above.]]> 2020-10-02 13:46:46 UTC https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614116 Mesa Verde s1648445 https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614117 1. Type of State/Government
The Pueblo People had Village Councils and Representative Government. Each Pueblo village had its own government. Each clan chose a leader to represent them in the Village Council. When a decision was needed on a broader scale, each village selected a representative to speak for their village at a tribal council. 

2. Economic System/s, Potential Trade Route Connections, Potential Trade Partners
Although it was a small farming community, some individuals had skills such as weaving, leatherworking or making pottery, arrowpoints, jewelry, baskets, sandals, or other specialized articles. Their efficiency gave them a surplus, which they shared or traded with neighbors. This exchange went on between communities, too.

3. Social Structure or Hierarchy
The Pueblo People created tribes and had leaders. Several related families constituted a clan, which was probably matrilineal, tracing descent through the female line.

4. Notable Cultural Characteristics
The people of Mesa Verde were very accomplished potters,
making vessels of many kinds: pots, bowls, canteens, ladles, jars, and mugs. It was used mostly for cooking and storage. The elaborately decorated black-on-white pottery may have had both ceremonial and everyday uses.

Even though it is not exactly known, it said that the Pueblo believed in their own religion which respected nature and all things that are necessary for life.

5. How do inhabitants shape the environment?
The Pueblo People built many Cliff Dwellings which still exist today. They range in size and most walls were made of stone, perhaps because alcove roofs limited heights and protected the walls from erosion by the weather.

6. Name/s of group member/s working on this section
Ayushi Mohanty

7. Support with at least 1 image or other form of media depicting an aspect described (to add more images, just drop a new pin nearby)
Picture Above.
]]> 2020-10-02 13:46:46 UTC https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614117 Inca Empire s1648445 https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614121 1. Type of State/Government, Identify & Describe:
-Had hereditary kings called "Sapa Inca" (monarchy gov).
-King's word is law. Revered as Gods (called "Son of the Sun").
-Controlled politics, society, food store, commander-in-chief.
-Tried to keep in favor of nobles and poor. Else he be assassinated.

2. Economic System/s, Potential Trade Route Connections, Potential Trade Partners:
-Small scale trading with tribes from Amazon.
-Mostly agricultural but also mined (gold, silver, copper).
-Big big big road system. Made everywhere in empire accessible. -Used roads for trade and to dominate and administrate big empire.
-Did terracing and made impressive ambitious building and irrigation projects.
-State regulated distribution of every important product. Some local barter still allowed.

3. Social Structure or Hierarchy:
-Strict Hierarchal system:
  • Sapa Inca: The King (Sapa Inca= the only Inca). The wealthiest and most powerful.
  • Royalty: Relatives and family of Royal Family. Wealthy and very powerful. Enjoyed many luxuries. King's descendants had chance to be king.
  • Nobility: Class of leaders who acted as leaders to govern over rest of population. Had many freedoms and privileges (ex: no taxes & received gifts).
  • Ayllu: Commoner (majority of population). Were base of economic activity. Worked land, cattle, mined, weaved, etc. Payed taxes in exchange for gov. services.

4. Notable Cultural Characteristics (Religion & Architecture at minimum):-Religion: 
  • Features of animism, fetishism, and worship of the Gods. 
  • State religion, must worship Sun God, but tolerant of local religions.
  • Elaborate forms of divination and sacrificed humans and animals.
-Architecture:
  • Had incredibly fine masonry and stone work.
  • Incorporated landscape into their buildings.
-Record keeping:
  • Used knots in place of written language ( called quipu)
  • Different color strings, knots, and placement of strings all meant diff. things.
  • Used too keep records, recount stories/ myths, keep imperial records, etc.

5. How do inhabitants shape the environment?]
-Did terracing (lessened soil erosion)
-Made intricate system of aqueducts and canals from natural springs.
-Made highways thousands of miles long to connect/unify empire.

6. John Tano

]]> 2020-10-02 13:46:46 UTC https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614121 Chaco s1648445 https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614127
1. Type of State/Government, Identify & Describe

There was no formal government in Chacoan culture. Chaco simply became the cultural and economic center of the San Juan basin, where several people and tribes gathered to share their culture and knowledge. However, Chaco is still not fully understood, and there may be some variety in the understandings of Chaco's governmental system. 

2. Economic System/s, Potential Trade Route Connections, Potential Trade Partners

Chaco was the economic center of the San Juan basin. It had roads leading to over 150 other great houses throughout the region. It is possible that Chaco was the center of the turquoise trading network in order to acquire goods from other regions or tribes. 

3. Social Structure or Hierarchy

The social structure of Chaco is still being debated. However, one of the prominent explanations is that Chaco followed a tribal ruling system, in which separate tribes, all viewed as equal, formed kinships and came together, with Chaco at the heart of it. However, some theorize that Chaco actually had an elite ruling class that governed neighboring tribes, though not much evidence has been found for this theory. 

4. Notable Cultural Characteristics (Religion & Architecture at minimum)

Chaco was a major center for Puebloan culture, with many different tribes coming together at Chaco and sharing their beliefs and traditions, and gathering in ceremony. Chaco also developed a unique style of architecture, with massive stone building, with multiple floors and hundreds of rooms, that became uniquely "Chacoan."
 
5. How do inhabitants shape the environment?

Chaco society largely shaped the environment through their extensive irrigation systems and roads. They developed advanced canal irrigation systems for agriculture, which altered the natural environment. They also cleared hundreds of roads to connect tribes and regions. They also used astronomical markers and mounds as methods of communication. 

6. Name/s of group member/s working on this section

Tanish Madan 

7. Support with at least 1 image or other form of media depicting an aspect described (to add more images, just drop a new pin nearby)

]]> 2020-10-02 13:46:46 UTC https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614127 Hausa Kingdoms s1648445 https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614129 1. The government of the Hausa Kingdoms was an oligarchy, in which there was king, a chief councillor, and a council of 9 eleders. These elders also chose the next king.
2. Hausaland relied on trade for its economy since each of its city-states, or kingdoms, specialized in a different good. It used the Trans-Saharan trade routes and it commenced in trade with mainly West Africa and Benin.
3. In addition the king and his council, the villages on the outskirts of the main cities were ruled by chiefs, and below these chiefs were the clans that lived in each village. It also wasn't uncommon for people to have slaves to do labor for them.
4. Hausaland was one of the last Sub-Saharan countries to adopt Islam, but in the 14th century CE, it finally did, although it was only combined with the already existing religion. The people of Hausaland had a very unique architectural style. They were built out of pear-shaped mud bricks, covered in plaster, and then painted on. The roofs were also made of mud but were reinforced with palm fronds, and each house had a high wall around it.
5. The Hausa people shaped their environment to fit their needs by building high walls to protect against seiges and tilling land for farming and ranching.
6. Kaden Sesay]]> 2020-10-02 13:46:46 UTC https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614129 Ethiopia s1648445 https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614132 1. The Ethiopians had an empire called the Axum empire that has the king on top, then nobles, and then everyone else. Their government mostly benefited from trade because of its very fortunate location.
2. Trading was very important to the Axum empire. It traded slaves, salt, ivory, and grains. Coffee was a big part of their economy, doubling as 55% of Axum's exports. It traded with India, Arabia, and the Roman Empire. It was in between the Roman and Indian empire there was a lot of trade going on in that area.
3. The hierarchy was built with the king at the top of all of the other classes, then there are the nobles and the rest of the population. Priests ensured the healthiness of spiritual body and traders brought a lot of money in through the importing and exporting of goods.
4. The Axumites of that time were Coptic Christian and there was also churches carved and dug into the ground or made of stone built around the year 1200.
5. As said in the answer above, they made churches of stone.
6. Ananya Bekele]]> 2020-10-02 13:46:46 UTC https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614132 Step One! s1648445 https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614136 For each state you and your group need to identify the following:
1. Type of State/Government, Identify & Describe
2. Economic System/s, Potential Trade Route Connections, Potential Trade Partners
3. Social Structure or Hierarchy
4. Notable Cultural Characteristics (Religion & Architecture at minimum)
5. How do inhabitants shape the environment?
6. Name/s of group member/s working on this section
7. Support with at least 1 image or other form of media depicting an aspect described (to add more images, just drop a new pin nearby)]]> 2020-10-02 13:46:46 UTC https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797614136 Hausa Kingdoms Pic s1916116 https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797988983 2020-10-02 15:18:24 UTC https://padlet.com/s1648445/p4xapmflwe2tnju8/wish/797988983