https://padlet.com/hechau/p3v2521oewos771p AMR presents a significant and dangerous health and economic burden for global health. It endangers the ability to prevent and eradicate a wide range of infectious disease. While AMR occurs naturally, several factors exacerbate its progress. Perpetrators of AMR include overprescription of antibiotics, poverty/civil warfare, poor health infrastructures, and vaccine resistance. Estimating the burden of AMR is difficult considering the limited and unreliable information on geographical distribution, prevalence, and incidence due that are often exacerbated in LMICs. Despite difficulty in obtaining accurate numbers on the impact of AMR on global health, the effects of AMR are detrimental and must be addressed. This concept map uses examples of AMR world wide to illustrate its burden on society's health as well as the goals of global health. en-us 2021-11-19 19:13:29 UTC 2024-05-25 09:22:08 UTC hello@padlet.com hechau https://padlet.com/hechau/p3v2521oewos771p/wish/1902830181 AMR presents a significant and dangerous barrier to disease prevention. It allows infectious disease to continue to spread despite global health disease prevention efforts and contributes greatly to the global burden of disease. While the estimates of its burden are not easily obtained due to inadequate information on geographical distribution, prevalence, and incidence (specifically in LMICs), example of its impact are apparent in the exacerbation of the burden of diseases like malaria, HIV, and tuberculosis. AMR’s worsening of the burden of these disease underscore the need to reduce its impact in order to achieve global health goals. Funding needs to be allocated to developing new non-resistant drugs and monitoring drugs that are developing resistance.  ]]> 2021-11-19 19:40:13 UTC https://padlet.com/hechau/p3v2521oewos771p/wish/1902830181 hechau https://padlet.com/hechau/p3v2521oewos771p/wish/1902917786 The goal of global health is to "improve public health and strength US National security through global disease detection, response, prevention, and control strategies" (CDC 2020). Disease prevention is a critical component of public health. Within this critical part, there are several global health initiatives for infections diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. ]]> 2021-11-19 20:47:18 UTC https://padlet.com/hechau/p3v2521oewos771p/wish/1902917786 hechau https://padlet.com/hechau/p3v2521oewos771p/wish/1902924265 Antimicrobials offer a treatment of deadly infectious diseases. Unfortunately, their effectiveness is hindered by antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in which treatment is no longer effective in preventing diseases like HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis. This leads to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. There are solutions to AMR such as changing the drug being used to treat the patient or monitoring the frequency of AMR. However, in LMICs, there is limited availability of drugs or surveillance systems. This results in AMR contributing greatly to the global burden of disease. ]]> 2021-11-19 20:52:49 UTC https://padlet.com/hechau/p3v2521oewos771p/wish/1902924265 hechau https://padlet.com/hechau/p3v2521oewos771p/wish/1902928059 Bacterial infections are one of the main causes of hospitalization and death in PLWH worldwide. Since PLWH have more frequent hospital admissions and clinic visits due to HIV. This leads to increased number of antimicrobial prescriptions and a higher ]]> 2021-11-19 20:56:18 UTC https://padlet.com/hechau/p3v2521oewos771p/wish/1902928059 hechau https://padlet.com/hechau/p3v2521oewos771p/wish/1902933111 Malaria is a dangerous and sometimes fatal disease that can be prevented. Since it can infect anyone, anywhere it is a major burden on global health. People from countries without malaria can become infected when they travel to countries with malaria. While there are effective antimalarial drugs available, drug resistance has become a major issue. Malaria is resistant to all but one of the five major classes of drugs and the resistance is driven by selection pressure of a specific drug. In LMICs with little to no surveillance or measurement of drug resistances, the ineffective drug will continue to be used and malaria infections will increase. 

This article discusses the implications of the lack of resistance surveillance and malaria control. It acknowledges that AMR prevents malarial from being prevented and contributes to the global burden of disease. ]]> 2021-11-19 21:01:15 UTC https://padlet.com/hechau/p3v2521oewos771p/wish/1902933111 hechau https://padlet.com/hechau/p3v2521oewos771p/wish/1903123716 This website discusses how TB is exacerbated by AMR. It reveals that 29% of deaths caused by antimicrobial infections today are due to drug-resistant TB. Treating drug resistant TB is also more expensive than treat TB itself. AMR creates an additional burden. ]]> 2021-11-20 01:23:30 UTC https://padlet.com/hechau/p3v2521oewos771p/wish/1903123716 hechau https://padlet.com/hechau/p3v2521oewos771p/wish/1903129619 According to WHO, “drug-resistant TB is a continuing threat. In 2016, there were 600,000 new cases with resistance to rifampicin, the most effective first-line drug, of which 490,000 had multidrug-resistant TB.” In addition, the cost of treating a single case of MDR-TB or XDR-TB can be thousands of times more expensive than treating drug-sensitive TB. Once a drug becomes resistant, another drug must be developed, which cost even more mode. AMR creates a large economic burden and contributes to the health burden of TB.]]> 2021-11-20 01:32:39 UTC https://padlet.com/hechau/p3v2521oewos771p/wish/1903129619 hechau https://padlet.com/hechau/p3v2521oewos771p/wish/1903135943 AMR  poses one of the greatest threats to malaria control and results in increased malaria morbidity and mortality. This is seen in the graph which illustrates an increase in malaria case incidence, deaths, and case fatality after the introduction and spread of chloroquine-resistant malaria into sub-Saharan Africa. ]]> 2021-11-20 01:41:48 UTC https://padlet.com/hechau/p3v2521oewos771p/wish/1903135943 hechau https://padlet.com/hechau/p3v2521oewos771p/wish/1903139144 The table above shows that AMR will inevitably causes attenuation of the potential full health benefits of ART (HIV treatment) and adds cost to the programs. This will worsen the impact of HIV.]]> 2021-11-20 01:46:32 UTC https://padlet.com/hechau/p3v2521oewos771p/wish/1903139144 hechau https://padlet.com/hechau/p3v2521oewos771p/wish/1903141823 2021-11-20 01:50:31 UTC https://padlet.com/hechau/p3v2521oewos771p/wish/1903141823