2. An article which describes the aim of the research reported as to ‘explain’
Garbutt, Jennie S., and Tom J. Little. “Bigger Is Better: Changes in Body Size Explain a Maternal Effect of Food on Offspring Disease Resistance.” Ecology and Evolution, no. 5, Wiley, Feb. 2017, pp. 1403–09. Crossref, doi:10.1002/ece3.2709.

3. An article which reports a case study
Galiani, S., McEwan, P. J., & Quistorff, B. (2016). External and Internal Validity of a Geographic Quasi-Experiment Embedded in Cluster-Randomized Experiment. National Bureau of Economic Research.

4. An article reporting an experiment or a quasi-experiment
Galiani, S., McEwan, P. J., & Quistorff, B. (2016). External and Internal Validity of a Geographic Quasi-Experiment Embedded in Cluster-Randomized Experiment. National Bureau of Economic Research.

5. An article reporting narrative research
Donileen R. L., Janine B. (2015). Narrative analysis of documents: social policy hearings and welfare reform. SAGE Publications.

6. A systematic review
Galiani, S., McEwan, P. J., & Quistorff, B. (2016). External and Internal Validity of a Geographic Quasi-Experiment Embedded in Cluster-Randomized Experiment. National Bureau of Economic Research.

7. An article which reports both qualitative and quantitative data
Dubovi, I., & Tabak, I. (2021). Interactions between emotional and cognitive engagement with science on YouTube. Public Understanding of Science, 6, 759–776. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662521990848

8. An article which mentions a hypothesis
Gregg, K. R., & Krashen, S. D. (1986). The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications. TESOL Quarterly, 1, 116. https://doi.org/10.2307/3586393

9. An article which mentions a null
hypothesis
Coddington, Jonathan A., et al. “Undersampling Bias: The Null Hypothesis for Singleton Species in Tropical Arthropod Surveys.” Journal of Animal Ecology, no. 3, Wiley, May 2009, pp. 573–84. Crossref, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01525.x.

10. An article which reports using interviews as the method of data collection
Ilie, C., Nickerson, C., & Planken, B. (2018). Interviews with Business Discourse Teachers. In Teaching Business Discourse (pp. 127–140). Springer International Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96475-1_8

11. An article which reports using observation as the method of data collection
Stiggins, R. J. (1986). Evaluating Students by Classroom Observation: Watching Students Grow. The English Journal, 4, 78. https://doi.org/10.2307/819385

12. An article which reports using focus groups as the method of data collection
Yitzhaki, D. (2010). The discourse of Arabic language policies in Israel: insights from focus groups. Language Policy, 4, 335–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-010-9182-3

13. An article which makes a statement about the position of the researcher
Macnaghten, P. (2008). Nanotechnology, risk and upstream public engagement. Geography, 2, 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/00167487.2008.12094228

14. An article which uses thematic analysis
AmyL. Fielden, Elizabeth Sillence & Linda Little (2011) Children's understandings’ of obesity, a thematic analysis, International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 6:3

15. An article which reports descriptive statistics (e.g. mean and standard deviation)
Mu-Hsuan Chou (2017) A Task-based Language Teaching Approach to Developing Metacognitive Strategies for Listening Comprehension, International Journal of Listening, 31:1, 51-70

16. An article which discusses the generalisability of the findings
Meier, Gabriela Sylvia. "The multilingual turn as a critical movement in education: assumptions, challenges and a need for reflection" Applied Linguistics Review, vol. 8, no. 1, 2017, pp. 131-161. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2016-2010

17. An article which uses purposive or opportunistic sampling
Zhu, A. X., Yang, L., Li, B., Qin, C., English, E., Burt, J. E., & Zhou, C. (n.d.). Purposive Sampling for Digital Soil Mapping for Areas with Limited Data. In Digital Soil Mapping with Limited Data (pp. 233–245). Springer Netherlands. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8592-5_20

18. An article which discusses the limitations of a small scale study
DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale Development. SAGE Publications.