https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y How aquaculture will save the world. P.S. Don't forget to eat your fish. en-us 2017-12-11 23:40:26 UTC 2023-04-30 01:45:17 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padletuploads.blob.core.windows.net/prod/233964944/9567d91bff60ed57a440a3b287d81730/Icon.png jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215253494 World population was determined to be 7.4 billion, in 2015. By 2100, it is estimated to sit at 11.2 billion. This is quite of a significant number of individuals to feed, considering population and hunger goes correlated.]]> 2017-12-11 23:56:03 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215253494 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215254285 The world's population is increasing tremendously, and this will eventually be causing depletion of resources, leaving majority of population in hunger. However, with the birth to new eras like biotechnology to feed more people and help preserve the resources, one of the simplest sex changing method of aquaculture may be a great help to solving the potential hunger problem ]]> 2017-12-12 00:05:46 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215254285 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215598447 "Meat production has increased more than 600% since 1950, and demand certain types of meat are already taxing the limits of the Earth’s ability to produce them" (Guilford, 2013).]]> 2017-12-12 20:02:12 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215598447 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215620415 2017-12-12 21:10:18 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215620415 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215621221 2017-12-12 21:13:14 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215621221 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215622260 2017-12-12 21:17:16 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215622260 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215624082 Figure 2. Amount of meat consumed throughout the years. (Earth Policy Institution, n.d.).]]> 2017-12-12 21:23:58 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215624082 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215624254 Figure 1. World population growth. (UN Population Division, 2015).]]> 2017-12-12 21:24:43 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215624254 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215625296 2017-12-12 21:28:45 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215625296 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215625514 THESE ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISSES
aka. RAINBOW TROUTS]]> 2017-12-12 21:29:39 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215625514 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215625788 Here is the real deal. An actual image of what rainbow trouts look like.]]> 2017-12-12 21:30:47 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215625788 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215626169 Figure 3. Rainbow trout. (Hunt Cook: catch and Serve! Wikia, 2016).]]> 2017-12-12 21:32:27 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215626169 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215627857 2017-12-12 21:40:47 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215627857 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215627921 Anonymous. (n.d.). Hooke Springs Trout Farm [Online Image]. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from
     http://www.hookespringstrout.co.uk/
Dragonfire. (2012, September 12). Rainbow Trout, Iwana Trout & Sakura Trout at Kakishima Trout Farm in Fujinomiya City! [Online Image]. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from
     https://shizuokagourmet.com/2012/08/30/rainbow-trout-iwana-trout-sakura-trout-at-kakishima-trout-farm-in-fujinomiya-city/
Earth Policy Institution. (n.d.). The world is approaching Peak Meat, producing 7 times more than in 1950 [Online Image]. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from
     https://qz.com/93900/we-produce-6-times-more-meat-than-we-did-in-1950-heres-what-that-means-for-animals-and-the-earth/
Extension. (2012, October 16). Trout [Online Image]. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from 
    http://articles.extension.org/pages/58708/trout
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2005, June 15). Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) [Online Image]. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from
    http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Oncorhynchus_mykiss/en
Gareth. (2015, September 14). Telling The Difference Between Male And Female Trout [Online Image]. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from
     http://fishthefly.co.za/difference-between-male-and-female-trout/
Guilford, G., & King, R. (2013, June 13). The world is approaching Peak Meat, producing 7 times more than in 1950. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from
     https://qz.com/93900/we-produce-6-times-more-meat-than-we-did-in-1950-heres-what-that-means-for-animals-and-the-earth/
Guzel, S., Gullu, K., & Ozden, O. (2006). The Effect of Estradiol Valerate on Sex Reversal of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss [Online Image]. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from
     http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=biotech.2006.240.243&org=11
Hunt Cook: Catch and Serve! Wikia. (2016). Rainbow Trout [Online Image]. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from
     http://huntcook.wikia.com/wiki/Rainbow_Trout
Jackie. (2015, August 09). Cedar Planked Rainbow Trout Fillet [Online Image]. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from
     https://jsprat.wordpress.com/2015/08/09/cedar-planked-rainbow-trout-fillet/
McGarthwaite, S. (2002, May 6th). Trout Spawning, Hatchery Style [Online Image]. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from 
     http://flyanglersonline.com/begin/hatchery/hatchery.php
Sangild Dambrug Aps. (2013). Sangild Dambrug | superior trout eggs since 1960 [Online Image]. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from
     http://sangilddambrug.dk/
The Regents of The University of California. (2009). Trout and Salmon Culture (Hatchery Methods) [Online Image]. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from
     http://www.oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt5q2nb139&chunk.id=d0e1175&brand=oac4&doc.view=entire_text
UN Population Division. (2015). World Population Growth [Online Image]. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from 
     https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth/
Your Fresh Market. (n.d.). Your Fresh Market Rainbow Trout Fillets [Online Image]. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from
     https://www.walmart.ca/en/ip/your-fresh-market-rainbow-trout-fillets/6000193605438]]> 2017-12-12 21:41:05 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215627921 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215636443 Figure 4. Rainbow trouts. (Anonymous, n.d.).]]> 2017-12-12 22:27:38 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/215636443 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216711356 2017-12-16 20:22:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216711356 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216711419 Why? Fish is nutritious for consumption and one of the most effective type of animal breeding in terms of simplicity and results. However, only female rainbow trouts are desired on the market, which becomes another expense for the farming company. Most of the companies, due to the lack of the facilities and experts, buy fully-female eggs (explained later in the presentation), increasing their expenses. These expenses are later on added to the prices of the final products in order to cover their expenses.]]> 2017-12-16 20:23:49 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216711419 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216711534 2017-12-16 20:25:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216711534 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216711584 Female rainbow trouts taste significantly better than male and are more profitable. First, male trouts already lack the quality of taste by the perspective of table standards, and even worsens once they reach their sexual maturities. Second, male's sexual reproduction organ becomes to be almost half of its body mass two to three months before and after the sexual season, which becomes greatly and unnecessarily expensive for the farming company. Male trouts' reproductive organs cannot be consumed, therefore it is an unnecessary expense for the company that feeds it. Female trouts do not have such problem that comes with sexes, therefore are more profitable.  ]]> 2017-12-16 20:26:36 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216711584 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216713755 Figure 6. Telling The Difference Between Male And Female Trout. (Gareth, 2015).]]> 2017-12-16 20:59:17 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216713755 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216715913 Figure 5. Rainbow Trout, Iwana Trout & Sakura Trout at Kakishima Trout Farm in Fujinomiya City! (Dragonfire, 2012).]]> 2017-12-16 21:42:04 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216715913 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216717281 2017-12-16 22:11:29 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216717281 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216717398 Here, fish get bigger and fatter before they are sent to growout (a place that is specifically designed to feed the fish to greater masses) or directly to the market.]]> 2017-12-16 22:13:41 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216717398 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216717448 Figure 12. Trout. (Extension, 2012).]]> 2017-12-16 22:14:43 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216717448 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216718145 2017-12-16 22:32:23 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216718145 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216718168 Guess what? When males are only used for reproductive purposes, scheme goes on the same exact order. Therefore, sex changing method does not harm to typical life cycle of the fish.]]> 2017-12-16 22:32:59 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216718168 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216718514 Figure 8. Oncorhynchus mykiss. (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2005).]]> 2017-12-16 22:42:29 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216718514 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216718559 Egg stage yet.. They show great signs of life in these funny little balls (eggs). Fish, at this point, are easily manipulatable into the desired sex choice, because of the simplicity of sex in lower-vertebrates.]]> 2017-12-16 22:44:05 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216718559 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216718603 Figure 9. Superior trout eggs since 1960. (Sangild Dambrug Aps, 2013).]]> 2017-12-16 22:44:49 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216718603 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216718865 In order to change the sex of the fish, two methods can be applied. This presentation emphasize on one of them. Here, they are fed six to seven times a day with the specialized feed that contains estrogen in very little amounts. Eventually, fish develop as females.]]> 2017-12-16 22:50:02 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216718865 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216718956 Figure 11. Trout and Salmon Culture (Hatchery Methods). (The Regents of The University of California, 2009)]]> 2017-12-16 22:51:55 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216718956 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216719241 2017-12-16 22:58:50 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216719241 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216719292 2017-12-16 23:01:00 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216719292 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216719576 2017-12-16 23:10:03 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216719576 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216719602 In the end, this is what is located in your nearest supermarket.]]> 2017-12-16 23:10:33 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216719602 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216719661 Figure 13. Your Fresh Market Rainbow Trout Fillets. (Your Fresh, n.d.).]]> 2017-12-16 23:12:56 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216719661 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216719924 2017-12-16 23:21:57 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216719924 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216719961 Voilà! Bon Appétit. Enjoy.]]> 2017-12-16 23:23:14 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216719961 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216719984 Figure 14. Cedar Planked Rainbow Trout Fillet. (Jackie, 2015).]]> 2017-12-16 23:24:07 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216719984 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216720708 2017-12-16 23:51:06 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216720708 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216720769 At this stage, they absorb their yolk sac (yellow ball that is attached to the fish). It is very nutrient dense, and provides them with the essentials for their proper development.]]> 2017-12-16 23:53:14 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216720769 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216720789 Figure 10. Hatched. (McGarthwaite, 2002).]]> 2017-12-16 23:54:12 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216720789 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216722200 Usual spawn (Control) is 49/51male to female, respectively. Specialized solution fed fish (EV (20 mg k^-1 diet)) produces 97% of female. Therefore, very profitable. ]]> 2017-12-17 00:36:08 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216722200 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216722411 Figure 7. The Effect of Estradiol Valerate on Sex Reversal of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. (Guzel et al., 2006).]]> 2017-12-17 00:46:57 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216722411 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216722462 2017-12-17 00:49:06 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216722462 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216724954 Theoretical production scheme for both scenarios..]]> 2017-12-17 03:02:49 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216724954 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216724975 2017-12-17 03:03:42 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216724975 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216850788 The plan is to encourage aquaculture companies to apply the simplest biotechnological method of sex changing to their 50/50 male-female production to produce near 100% of female. Most markets do not buy male trouts that reached their sexual maturity, which happens a year before females' sexual maturity is reached. Aqua farms want to sell fish at higher grammages in order to produce the best income. However, it becomes risky for farms to feed the fish to greater masses without reaching their sexual maturity, which is not a very long time for male trouts. If sex changing method is applied more widely by the aquaculture companies, they would not have to increase their prices of final products to cover up their expenses of purchasing full-female eggs. In the end, ultimate goal is to help lower the prices of the trouts, which might be the solution to prevent world hunger.]]> 2017-12-18 06:18:33 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/216850788 jenniferco https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/217045330 2017-12-18 18:01:32 UTC https://padlet.com/jenniferco/p3er0kz47a7y/wish/217045330