French C. Hopffer patents the fire extinguisher.
Before 1722, if a fire broke out at a business, it would be a case of fetching a good old-fashioned bucket of water. It consisted of a cask of fire-extinguishing liquid containing a pewter chamber of gunpowder. This was connected with a system of fuses which were ignited, exploding the gunpowder and scattering the solution.
http://oges.info/library/143225/remarkable-history-standards-extinguisher-patented-england

Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the first mercury thermometer.
With changes in temperature, the mercury expands and contracts, and the temperature can be read from the scale. Mercury thermometers can be used to determine body, liquid, and vapor temperature.

John Kay invents the flying shuttle.
The flying shuttle was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution. It allowed a single weaver to weave much wider fabrics, and it could be mechanized, allowing for automatic machine looms. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_shuttle

E.G. von Kleist invents the leyden jar, the first electrical capacitor.
Capacitors are used in every form of electronic equipment. Von Kleist may have been first,
ethw.org/Leyden_jar

Benjamin Franklin invents the lightening rod.
A lightning rod (US, AUS) or lightning conductor (UK) is a metal rod mounted on a structure and intended to protect the structure from a lightning strike.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_rod

Englishmen, John Harrison invents the navigational clock or marine chronometer for measuring longitude.
A marine chronometer is a timepiece that is precise and accurate enough to be used as a portable time standard; it can therefore be used to determine longitude by means of celestial navigation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_chronometer

James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny.
The machine used eight spindles onto which the thread was spun, so by turning a single wheel, the operator could now spin eight threads at once.
www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item107855.html

Joseph Priestley invents carbonated water - soda water.
It contains only water and carbon dioxide. If you have a SodaStream or other home carbonation system, and you don't use any added flavorings, you are making seltzer
http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2014/05/14/carbonated_waters_defined_what_are_seltzer_club_soda_soda_water_perrier.html

Richard Arkwright patents the spinning frame.
Also known as a water frame, it was the first textile machine designed to be powered by water. 
www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/OXRHtK3CQbeXnQTSTYOQog

James Watt invents an improved steam engine.
The steam engine began to be used in many industrial settings, not just in mining, where the first engines had been used to pump water from deep workings.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_power_during_the_Industrial_Revolution

Georges Louis Lesage patents the electric telegraph.
 It worked by transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations.
www.history.com/topics/inventions/telegraph