UNITED KINGDOM by JORGE FRANKLIN DOS SANTOS SILVA

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Why the UK (United Kingdom)?

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We decided to go to the United Kingdom (United Kingdom; UK) for two reasons: The first would be its touristic beauty, as it points out differences between Brazil - and if we leave home, it's not to see more of the same -, for example, the telephone booth that they have and remind us that we've had a public telephone in Brazil or a black taxi, and, of course, their monarchy is irreparable (we're also looking for the story of a murderer, but that's a curiosity). The second reason is a social investigation, we wanted to find out how a story unfolded in that country. After watching Alan Turing's film, the father of computing, we were curious about how the country treated and now treats homosexuals, since Alan, in his time, was treated as a criminal and punished only for being gay.

Anyway, as they would say there: GOD SAVE THE QUEEN!

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In 1707 there was the union of the Scotland and England. graduating the Great Britain, for later join Ireland in 1801.

United Kingdom of Great Britain with Northern Ireland

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is the real name of the country.

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The history of the United Kingdom began in 1707 when the kingdoms of Scotland and England became one, giving rise to the kingdom of Great Britain. Later, in 1801, the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland united and gave rise to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

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On the south side was Ireland which became a republic. On the north side was Northern Ireland, which kept the monarchy and remained on the side of the British

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With this division of Ireland and the change of names, the United Kingdom also started to have its name changed, being called, finally, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

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The UK is adapting its way of governing every day and, currently, the UK is involved in issues common to the 4 countries, such as government, economy, security and international politics.

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The Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy

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it is the kind of monarchy in which the sovereign (now Queen Elizabeth II) does not have unlimited and absolute powers.

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Currently, the state is the sixth largest economy in the world, with a GDP of 2.98 trillion and a GDP per capita of US$42,943 in 2018. Its sphere of influence is greater in the European Union, the economic bloc that brings together most of the countries. countries of Europe, and the British Commonwealth of Nations (British Commonwealth), a bloc composed of the former British colonies.

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each country has its own capital, but when it comes to the United Kingdom, the capital is London.

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A SOCIAL ISSUE:

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LESBIANS

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GAYS

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BISSEXUALS

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A country founded on conservative and Christian foundations, it has already had strong policies and actions against freedom of expression in terms of LGBT. In years past it was not very uncommon to have countries with these kinds of prejudices embedded in their constitutions, it was actually quite acceptable. Even though there are countries that continue to walk backwards, just like Russia, there are those that seek to remedy the bad deeds of this group so stoned.

However, with the search for forgiveness coming from these new UK governments, they still hurt many in the past. In England and Wales homosexual acts were prohibited until 1967 (or 2000), while in Scotland and Northern Ireland 1980 and 1982, respectively.

In its constituent countries, same-sex relationships were considered a sin because of the dogmas of the Church, but it was not a crime until the year 1533 with the Act Against Sodomy Addiction. From this law on, sexual practice between men was considered a crime with a punishment of hanging that reached the year 1835 with the last hanging of two men named James Pratt and John Smith. After that, the penalty was modified in 1861 with the Law of Offenses against the Person, which removed the death penalty for homosexual acts, but it was still a crime subject to imprisonment. In 1885 one more section was added to the UK Criminal Amendment (which serves all constituent countries, including England) which read:

"Any male person who, in public or private, commits, or is a party to the commission of, or seeks, or attempts to seek the commission by any male person of, any act of gross indecency with an other male person, shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and being convicted thereof, shall be liable at the discretion of the Court to be imprisoned for any term not exceeding two years, with or without hard labour.”

That is, if you committed libidinous acts with other men and you, being a man, you would be punished with a maximum of 2 years in prison. It is noteworthy that this law was only for gays and non-lesbians. The UK has never legally banned relationships between women, this issue has already been discussed with the Lords and Commons, but they thought that by creating a law it would only encourage the practice, going against the expected effect.

It was in this law of 1885 that the well-known Alan Mathison Turing was condemned in 1952 to chemical castration for being gay. Alan is the 'father of computing', the first to create a computer prototype during World War II to decrypt encrypted messages from the Nazis. His contribution was enormous to winning Germany during the war, yet when he finished his army service there was no pardon or any ceremony of thanks, only punishment. His choice was to be imprisoned for two years with forced labor or chemical castration, he chose castration. Now considered a registered criminal, he could no longer work on government projects and any privileges acquired in serving the cause of war were revoked. Alan died in 1954, two years after the sentence, it is not known if it was suicide or accidental poisoning.

This story is portrayed in the movie 'The Imitation Game' (2014), whose protagonist, Alan Turing, is played by Benedict Cumberbatch (Current Dr Strange in Marvel's Extended Universe). The film goes through the story of Alan going from a war hero, showing his genius, his past, his interest in acquiring mathematical knowledge and finally unraveling the Nazi codes, to a criminal for being homosexual.

By the end of 1964, there were already more than a thousand homosexuals in UK prisons and in the same year that the Departmental Committee on Homosexual Crime and Prostitution Report (Known as the Wolfenden Report) was created, this report was a study of homosexual practices in the UK and how the government treated them. At its end, the article gave recommendations for changes to UK law that they considered an 'offense':

1 - "Private voluntary homosexual behavior among adults should no longer constitute a crime".

2 - "Homosexuality cannot legitimately be seen as a disease, because, in many cases, it is the only symptom and is compatible with total mental health in other areas".

3 - “The function of the law is to preserve public order and decency, to protect the citizen from what is offensive or harmful, and to provide sufficient guarantees against the exploitation and corruption of others (...). The function of the law is not, in our view, to intervene in the private life of citizens, or to seek to coerce any type of specific behavior".

The Archbishop of the Anglican Church of the United Kingdom read this report and supported the amendments. With this attention drawn to the study, there was a parliamentary discussion led by a Lord Chancellor named Maxwell Fyfe; he didn't believe there would be enough public support to make these changes, but that the study did have something to say.

In 1965, nearly 10 years later, the Wolfenden Report was brought back to the parliamentary table by Lord Arran, but it didn't amount to much. The issue was not really debated until 1967, when less stringent laws were finally created in the Sexual Offenses Act. In order not to constitute a crime, three conditions should be followed: be consensual, in private places and those involved should be over 21 years old – heterosexual relationships are released from the age of 16. The first two conditions were overturned in 2000, since the age of majority 21 years was only abolished in 2001 and in some other UK countries in 2004.

Also in 2004, civil partnership between couples of the same gender was discussed, which is a legal formalization for a stable union. It would have some rights of a marriage, but still not have the nomenclature of 'married'/'married'. The Civil Partnership Act was implemented in 2005 and the first couple to formalize this union were Matthew Roche and Christopher Cramp, which unfortunately only lasted a day after Roche's death due to terminal cancer.

The next step after that was the conquest of marriage which only took effect in 2013 in England and Wales with the royal vow of Queen Elizabeth II and in 2019 for Northern Ireland.

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ATUALMENTE

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The United Kingdom is progressing with decisions that are increasingly representative of this community. Just as in 2017 the Police and Criminal Law was created, which is ceremonially baptized as the Law of Alan Turing. This pardoned Alan Turing and 50,000 other men who had been found criminals for practicing homosexuality, though it is a posthumous pardon for the scientist and a few thousand others punished; it means an advance to the country.

In 2021, the country returned medals and benefits to soldiers who were expelled from the army or imprisoned for being gay or lesbian and asked for a public pardon for the act.

Also in 2021, the therapies for the conversion of sexuality and gender entered a vote in the ministry for its ban.

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⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀TURISM

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Speaking to the taxi driver, he told me that black taxis are a pride for London and even more so for drivers. Apparently, to become a taxi driver here, you have to go through a very difficult test. They memorize streets within a radius of 10 km from the center and remember more than 25,000 streets to take this test. There are people who have been trying for years to pass this assessment.

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THE KILLER

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Jack the Ripper

is the most well-known pseudonym for a famous serial killer. he performed on the outskirts of Whitechapel, London district, and surrounding areas in 1888.
The name "Jack the Ripper" originated from a letter written by someone claiming to be the murderer

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From hell
Mr Lusk
Sor
I send you half the
Kidne I took from one women
prasarved it for you tother piece
I fried and ate it was very nise. I
may send you the bloody knif that took it out if you only wate a whil longer.

signed
Catch me when
you Can
Mishter Lusk

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The five victims — Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes, and Mary Jane Kelly — are known as the "Canonical Five", and their deaths between August 31 and November 9, 1888 are generally considered the most plausible of be connected. The murders were never solved.

MURDER SITES

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Murders are linked to neighborhoods, which are neighborhoods where poverty, alcoholism, violence.

The nature of the murders and the victims drew attention to the miserable conditions in the East End and in the following decades a “surveillance” and an intense process of renovation in these places were attracted.

REFERÊNCIAS

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HAILER, Marcelo. “Barbárico”: The Guardian destaca estupro coletivo de jovem gay em Florianópolis. Fórum, 2021. Disponível em: < https://revistaforum.com.br/noticias/barbarico-the-guardian-destaca-estupro-coletivo-de-jovem-gay-em-florianopolis/> Acessado em: 27/11/2021

JOHNSON, Sarah. ‘Epidemic of violence’: Brazil shocked by ‘barbaric’ gang-rape of gay man. The Guardian, 2021. Disponível em: < https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jun/09/epidemic-of-violence-brazil-shocked-by-barbaric-gang-rape-of-gay-man/> Acessado em: 27/11/2021

Wikipédia. LGBT rights in the United Kingdom, 2021. Disponível em: Acessado em: 27/11/2021

DRYDEN, Steven. “A short history of LGBT rights in the UK”, 2021. Disponível em: Acessado em: 28/11/2021

DRYDEN, Steven. “The men killed under the Buggery Act”, 2021. Disponível em: Acessado em: 28/11/2021

Wikipédia. Ato de Sodomia de 1533, 2021. Disponível em: Acessado em: 28/11/2021
DE LONDRES, E. M. Como é a política na Inglaterra. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 5 dez. 2021.
DE LONDRES, E. M. Economia da Inglaterra: História e Atualidade. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 5 dez. 2021a.
WIKIPEDIA CONTRIBUTORS. Jack, o Estripador. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 5 dez. 2021.