S342 Mindmap by ANG YONG KIAT JOHN

Hypertension

200416991 — 2021-05-19 01:49:21 UTC

Hyperlipidemia

200416991 — 2021-05-19 01:49:47 UTC

Hyperglycemia

200303641 — 2021-05-19 01:49:49 UTC

Risk Factors

200416991 — 2021-05-19 01:58:47 UTC

- Obesity
- Sedentary Lifestyle
- High-fat diets
- High-sugar diets
- Genetic (Familial Hypercholesterolemia)

Risk/Symptoms

200416991 — 2021-05-19 01:59:00 UTC

- Agina and Heart Attacks (If arteries to the heart narrow)
- Stroke (If arteries to the brain narrow)

Symptoms
- Pain with walking and gangrene (If arteries to the legs narrow)

Clogged Blood Vessel

200416991 — 2021-05-19 02:01:55 UTC

High level of sugar/glucose

200303641 — 2021-05-19 02:05:42 UTC

Risk factors of Hyperglycemia

200436971 — 2021-05-19 02:05:48 UTC

- Not using enough insulin
- Family history of Type 2 Diabetes
- Overweight
- High Blood Pressure / Cholesterol
- Being Physically Inactive
- Having an illness/infection
- Facing emotional stress

risk factors

chanelyeo2002 — 2021-05-19 02:06:39 UTC

- age
- family history
- being overweight/obese
- not being physically active
- use of tobacco
- too much salt (sodium) in diet
- drinking too much alcohol
- stress
- certain chronic diseases

causes of hypertension

chanelyeo2002 — 2021-05-19 02:11:06 UTC

Primary (essential) hypertension
- develops over time with no identifiable cause

Secondary hypertension
- caused by an underlying condition.
- tends to appear suddenly and cause higher blood pressure than primary hypertension.
- conditions/medications that can cause hypertension

obstructive sleep apnea
kidney disease
thyroid problems
adrenal gland tumors
illegal drugs (cocaine)

Symptoms

200303641 — 2021-05-19 02:11:08 UTC

1. Early symptoms:
- Frequent urination
- Increased thirst
- Blurred vision
- Fatigue/headache

2. Later symptoms
- Nausea/vomiting
- Shortness of breath
- Dry mouth
- Confusion
- Abdominal pain

Diagnosis

200416991 — 2021-05-19 02:11:35 UTC

A blood test that analyzes lipid levels is traditionally performed after an overnight fast.

Results are usually reported as levels of LDL cholesterol (normal range <130mg/dL); VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) cholesterol (normal range <31mg/dL); HDL (high density lipoprotein) cholesterol (normal range >40 mg/dL); as well as total cholesterol (normal range <200mg/dL), of which all non-HDL cholesterol should be <130mg/dL.

Treatments

200416991 — 2021-05-19 02:19:36 UTC

- Oral Medication
- Injections
- Mechanical Approach (Plasmapheresis)

- Exercise
- Low-fat diet
- Maintain a normal weight and body mass index.

Causes

200303641 — 2021-05-19 02:19:59 UTC

- Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
- Pancreatitis
- Cushing's syndrome

chanelyeo2002 — 2021-05-19 02:21:33 UTC

- a common condition in which the long-term force of the blood against your artery walls is high enough that it may eventually cause health problems such as heart disease.

symptoms

chanelyeo2002 — 2021-05-19 02:24:32 UTC

- headaches
- shortness of breath
- nosebleeds

Resources:

200416991 — 2021-05-19 02:25:57 UTC

https://vascular.org/patients/vascular-conditions/hyperlipidemia

https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cholesterol/prevention-and-treatment-of-high-cholesterol-hyperlipidemia

complications

chanelyeo2002 — 2021-05-19 02:27:00 UTC

- heart attack
- stroke
- aneurysm
- heart failure
- dementia
- vision loss (thickened, narrowed, or torn blood vessels in eyes)
- metabolic syndrome
- weakened & narrowed blood vessels in kidney

Diagnosis

200436971 — 2021-05-19 02:32:09 UTC

For those who have diabetes, MOH recommends the following target blood sugar levels:

Between 72 and 144 mg/dL (4.0 and 8.0 mmol/L) before meals.
Less than 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L) two hours after meals.

Treatment

200436971 — 2021-05-19 02:34:10 UTC

1. Home Treatment
- Get Physical
- Take medication as directed
- Follow diabetes eating plans
- Check Blood Sugar
- Adjust insulin doses to control hyperglycemia

Diagnosis

200089011 — 2021-05-19 02:34:19 UTC

Blood pressure is measured at the doctor's office using a blood pressure cuff to measure the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure.

When blood pressure is consistently measured at >130 mmHg systolic and > 80 mmHg diastolic.

Treatment

2021-05-19 02:40:15 UTC

1. Getting regular physical activity
2. Limiting the amount of alcohol you drink
3. Eating a heart-healthy diet with less salt
4. Maintaining a healthy weight or losing weight if you're overweight or obese

Resources:

200089011 — 2021-05-19 02:43:20 UTC

Determining if you have hypertension. (n.d.). Verywell Health. https://www.verywellhealth.com/all-about-hypertension-diagnosis-1746064

Medications

2021-05-19 02:49:22 UTC

1. Diuretics
2. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
3. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
4. Calcium channel blockers
5. Alpha blockers
6. Alpha-beta blockers
7. Beta blockers
8. Aldosterone antagonists
9. Renin inhibitors
10. Vasodilators
11. Central - acting agents

Resources

2021-05-19 02:53:41 UTC

Mayo Clinic. (2018, May 12). High blood pressure (hypertension) - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clinic - Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373417

REFERENCES:

200436971 — 2021-05-19 02:58:50 UTC

Hyperglycaemia: Monitoring Blood Glucose. HealthHub. (n.d.). https://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/diseases-and-conditions/669/blood-glucose-monitoring.

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2020, June 27). Hyperglycemia in diabetes. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperglycemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373631.

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2020, October 30). Diabetes. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20371444.

Complications

200436971 — 2021-05-19 03:03:14 UTC

- Cardiovascular Disease
- Bone & Joint Problems
- Teeth & Gums infections
- Kidney damage/failure
- Nerve Damage (Neuropathy)