Paraphrasing and Quoting by Bridget May https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc en-us 2017-12-01 09:01:21 UTC 2025-04-18 13:53:59 UTC hello@padlet.com Please take a picture of two extracts from a book. Quote a part of it, and also paraphrase it. I want to see the citation AND the full reference. bridgetmay73 https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212177797 2017-12-01 09:02:11 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212177797 Bence https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212191136 According to Meggitt (2006) as soon as a child is eighteen months old, they start to develop different characteristics which are recognisable; also this is the time of their life when the first steps of personality development starts. ]]> 2017-12-01 09:54:07 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212191136 Ryan T https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212191467 Quote - "intimate relationships proceeding from a stimulus stage, in which attraction is based on external attributes, to a value stage" (Gross Et Al, 2000)
Paraphrase - intimate relationships seem to start based entirely on physical attributes then change to one based more values, such as beliefs as more contacts are made (Gross Et Al, 2000)

Gross, R. McIlveen R. Coolican, H. Clamp. A. Russell, J., 2000. Psychology A New Introduction. 2nd ed. Tonbridge: GreenGate Publishing Services. 


]]> 2017-12-01 09:55:16 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212191467 Mary Jackson https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212191521 Quote - 'Charcot prevented Freud from asking psychological questions.' (Appignanesi, 1992)
Paraphrase - Charcot thought that hysteria wasn't connected to a female's genitals and this prevented Freud asking the question of whether some mental disorders might originate from sexual organs and surrounding factors.
Reference - Appignanesi, R (1992), 'Freud for beginners', Cambridge, Icon Books Ltd]]> 2017-12-01 09:55:27 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212191521 Julie Murley https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212191891 Sorry it's sideways.
Males and females have many physical differences, usually the male is larger in size and they also have totally different reproductive sexual organs (van deBraak 2013)
"In some insect species, females are even five times larger than males" (Held 2009).
vsn de Braak,H. 2013. Evolutionary psychology. harlow: Pearson books]]> 2017-12-01 09:56:31 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212191891 Amelia https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212191958 There are both strengths and weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach. A strength of the theory includes the fact that it acknowledges the unconscious part of the brain. This is supported by Williams' (1994, cited in Cardwell and Flanagan 2004) study which found that 'some women had forgotten earlier episodes of abuse.' There has also been more recent evidence to support Freud's claims. An example of this includes Solms (2000, cited in Cardwell and Flanagan 2004) who 'has found evidence that it is teh irrational part of the brain whihc is active during REM sleep.' 

However, on the other hand, weaknesses of the theory include the fact that Freud's theory is hard to falsify. This means that it therefore hard to prove. 

Cardwell, M. and Flanagan, C. 2004. Psychology A2. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Ltd]]> 2017-12-01 09:56:44 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212191958 Sophie https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212192026 Pavlov carried out a range of experiments in the 1890's to test dogs saliva levels when being fed. He found that not only did the dogs salivate whilst eating but also when they could smell or see the food. He also found that they even salivated  in anticipation of food being produced. These findings led Pavlov to want to investigate the links between stimuli and responses. In one of his experiments he started to set off a metronome before he offered the food to the dogs. He repeated this so that the dogs started to associate the noise with their food. By using this conditioning it resulted in the dogs salivating when they heard the metronome without the food being produced. In his future experiments he used other stimuli such as bells, buzzers, flashing lights and various pitches of whistles. However, he found that no matter what the stimuli, the same response was produced.
Quote:
"" Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, is one of the best known...whose investigations into the secretion of saliva during digestion in dogs led him to some unexpected conclusions" ( Collin et.al,2011)
Reference:
Collin C, Benson N, Ginsburg J, Grand V, Lazyan M and Weeks M 2011. The Psychology Book. London: Dorling Kindersley.]]> 2017-12-01 09:56:57 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212192026 Kielly Griffiths https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212192242 Quote - "Psychoanalysis was threatening to split into tribal sects between Vienna" (Hyde and McGuinness. 199
Hyde. M. and McGuinness. M. 1992 Jung For Beginners. Cambridge: Icon Books LTD.]]> 2017-12-01 09:57:33 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212192242 Ellie Dilworth bridgetmay73 https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212192744 2017-12-01 09:59:09 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212192744 https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212192827 2017-12-01 09:59:27 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212192827 Ellie Dilworth https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212193028 Ancient Greek philosophers first developed psychological theories as far back as 550 BC.
Rudolf Gockel (1547-1628) published his works in 1590 titled 'Psychologica' which is considered the first use of the word 'Psychology'.
"Until the mid-19th century, the discipline of psychology was considered part of philosophy" (Mann, 2016).
Some early psychologists include Wilhelm Wundt, Herman Ebbinghaus, Ivan Pavlov and Sigmund Freud. German psychologists led the way and pioneered new developments, especially in psychoanalysis.
Mann, S. (2016). Cracking Psychology. London: Octopus Books]]> 2017-12-01 10:00:09 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212193028 Lishan Defoe https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212193203 Behaviourism was started by John Watson (1913) in the United states. Watson, along with others, believed that psychology should be studied only through behaviour and not internal thoughts and feelings because "behaviour is objective and observable". (Eysenck, 2002).

Since the discoveries introduced by Pavlov's experiment with the dogs (1849-1936), we have learned that there is much more to human learning than he suggested. Most of human learning is related to the behaviour of others and how we imitate them in social situations;This form of learning was ignored by the behaviourists." (Eysenck, 2002).
Eysenck, M. 2002. Simply Psychology. 2nd ed. New York: Psychology Press. pp.97.
 ]]> 2017-12-01 10:00:43 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212193203 Bence https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212193294 "Children have an increasing desire for independence, and are developing a recognisable character and personality of their own." (C. Meggitt, 2006, Child Development, Heinemann Educational Publisher, Oxford)]]> 2017-12-01 10:01:04 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212193294 Mary Jackson 2 https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212193308 Quote - 'Preconsciousness operates in a more controlled, disciplined "thinking" manner.' (Appignanesi, 1992)
Paraphrase - The pleasure principle is often coming into conflict with the conscious processes of the human mind that attempt to maintain safety. The preconsciousness tends to work in a more stable and educated way as it takes the proposed issues from reality and mediates these while attempting to satisfy the mind. 
Reference - Appignanesi, R (1992), 'Freud for beginners', Cambridge, Icon Book Ltd]]> 2017-12-01 10:01:08 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212193308 Damilola lawal https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212194355 Bandura (1973) suggested that aggression like other behaviours are learned as a form of the social learning theory. ( Gross and Rolls, 2004). 

Bandura (1977) ; 'form observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviours are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action.'

behaviourists suggests that humans are born with no knowledge of what is to come and that behaviour is learned by the experiences they go through during thir life. Tavris and Wade(1997, cited in Essential A2 psychology, p396).





]]> 2017-12-01 10:04:50 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212194355 Bethan Duursma https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212194384 Freud belives that what happens in our childhood shapes how we behave and who we are as an adult (Eysenck, 2006). There are different hypothetical parts of a human which shapes a persons personality, these are the "Id, ego, and superego" (Eysenck 2006).
Eysenck, M.W . 2006. A2 Psychology key topics. Hove:Psychology Press Ltd.]]> 2017-12-01 10:04:56 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212194384 Bence https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212194426 Meggitt (2006) postulated that children are adventurous but their sense of danger is not strong enough, therefore they should not be left unsupervised whenever they play outdoor.]]> 2017-12-01 10:05:07 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212194426 Emma Payton https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212194479  
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is the most common form of treatment for Depression, it focuses on changing a person’s illogical thoughts or beliefs by changing the thinking process and thus altering our behaviour. Thought processes such as self-criticism, expectations, the environment and individual problems can affect how a person can view themselves, and are some main areas of focus in CBT. Here, Depressive symptoms can be reduced as it is said that thoughts can affect the way that we behave. Additionally, it can reduce symptoms of Anxiety, as in therapy a direct link can be found between a person’s thoughts, actions and emotions, in which the cause of a problem can be established and found where it originated from. (Jean-Marc Lawton, 2011) 


]]> 2017-12-01 10:05:19 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212194479 Ryan T https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212195521 Quote - 'the eye is "the most important avenue of personal consciousness" ' (Gross Et Al, 2000)
Paraphrasing - roughly ninety percent of information we extract from the physical world we receive through our eyes, it is in this way that the eye may be the most useful construct to our consciousness (Gross Et Al, 2000)


Gross, R. McIlveen R. Coolican, H. Clamp. A. Russell, J, 2000. Psychology A New Introduction. 2nd ed. Tonbridge: GreenGate Publishing Services. 

]]> 2017-12-01 10:09:19 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212195521 Bence https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212195660 Never leave children alone when playing with water or on outdoor play equipment: they are very adventurous, but do not yet have a strong enough sense of danger. (Meggitt,c. 2006, Child Development, Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publisher, ) ]]> 2017-12-01 10:09:52 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212195660 https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212196660 2017-12-01 10:13:41 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212196660 Kielly Griffiths https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212196848 Between the North Sea and the Alpes I saw a terrifying flood. once it hit Switzerland I noticed how the mountains seemed to grow to protect our land. Then it dawned on me a catastrophe was taking place. I witnessed the huge waves carrying bodies and debrie, it was at that moment the sea turnt red with blood. (Hyde and McGuinness 1992)
Hyde. .M and McGuinness M. 1992. Jung For Beginners. Cambridge: Icon Books LTD.]]> 2017-12-01 10:14:33 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212196848 Mary Jackson 3 https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212197732 Quote - 'Discussion about genius has been dominated for most of its history by the nature-versus-nurture debate' (Collin et al, 2011)
Paraphrase - Before the 1900s, genius was only discussed as stories about people such as Leonardo da Vinci. Genius and insanity were linked as far back as Aristotle and were both seen to be connected to genetic make up. 
Reference - Collin, C, Benson, N, Ginsburg, J, Grand, V, Lazyan, M, Weeks, M (2011), 'The Psychology Book', Dorling Kindersley Limited, London]]> 2017-12-01 10:18:14 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212197732 Ellie Dilworth bridgetmay73 https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212198034 2017-12-01 10:19:32 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212198034 Ellie Dilworth https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212198153

Sigmund Freud suggested that we have unconscious thoughts that we are not actively aware of. These thoughts can come out in speech, for example, saying your ex wife's name instead of your current wife. Freud would suggest that this means you are thinking about the ex wife rather than the current one. there have been some rather famous examples of Freudian slips "In 2014 when Pope Francis used the Italian word cazzo instead of caso, in a sermon" (Mann, 2016)
Mann, S. (2016) Cracking Psychology. London: Octopus Books 
]]> 2017-12-01 10:20:06 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212198153 Amelia 2 https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212198569
According to Meggitt (2006) children need fine motor skills for normal paced cognitive and language development. This includes the child being 'particularly interested in the names of people and objects', as well as 'providing comfort when other babies cry' (Meggit, 2006). This is because a larger and deeper pool of knowledge is needed for the skill of empathy.

Meggitt, C. 2006. Child Development. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers]]> 2017-12-01 10:21:36 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212198569 Sophie 2 https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212199471 Children start to begin expressing their feelings. They also are impulsive and curious about their environment, they're also eager to have a go at new experiences. They may be found to be clingy and dependant but also self-reliant and independent at different times. They may be found to feel frustrated at times when they are unable to express themselves. It's found that around half of 2 year old's often have tantrums on around a daily basis. Children can dress themselves independently. Often, they enjoy helping others but can be selfish in the term that, they will avoid helping when it conflicts with their own desires.
Quote:
"Children are impulsive and curious about their environment"  (Meggitt,2006)
Reference:

]]> 2017-12-01 10:25:00 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212199471 Bethan Duursma 2 https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212199818 Antipsychotic drugs can be used to treat mental illnesses such as Bipolar disorder, Schizophrenia and Psychosis. Antispychotics "act on the dopamine system" this can help]]> 2017-12-01 10:26:32 UTC https://padlet.com/bridgetmay73/p2do1bjteezc/wish/212199818