Unit 1 European Contact with the Americas (1491-1754) by Advaita Mamillapalli _ Student - GreenLevelHS

Civilization

amamillapalli — 2025-08-29 00:40:13 UTC

a complex human society with characteristics like government or villages and specialized communication

Mercantilism

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Economic policy under which a nation accumulates wealth by exporting more goods than it imports.

Columbian Exchange

amamillapalli — 2025-08-29 00:43:48 UTC

transfer of things like plants, animals, diseases, people, technology, and ideas between the Old World and the New World

Indentured Servants

amamillapalli — 2025-08-29 00:45:30 UTC

a person who agreed to work without wages for a period of time in exchange for transportation to the colonies

Chattel Slavery

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a person is considered a possession- he can be bought, sold, traded, and inherited like such.

Puritans

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English protestants who believed in strict religious discipline and the simplification of worship

Triangular Trade

amamillapalli — 2025-08-29 00:53:19 UTC

Three way pattern of trade that involved England, English colonies in the Americas, and West Africa trading goods for slaves

Encomienda System

amamillapalli — 2025-08-29 00:55:09 UTC

Spanish labor system granting colonists the right to demand tribute and forced labor from indigenous peoples from the Americas.

Southern Colonies

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Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland were part of the Southern Colonies

Middle Colonies

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Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware were part of the Middle Colonies.

New England Colonies

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Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Vermont, Rhode Island were part of the New England Colonies.

Proclamation Line of 1763

amamillapalli — 2025-09-14 02:13:46 UTC

The line Britain drew to limit colonial expansion westward

Patriot

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opposed British rule and opted for a democratic style of government

Tory

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loyalists, loyal to the British rule over them, opposing the independence movement

Articles of Confederation

amamillapalli — 2025-09-14 02:20:42 UTC

United States first constitution, failed because of the states reigning too much power

Federalists

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supporters of the Consitution, or the first technical American political party

Anti Federalists

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movement of people who opposed the ratification of the constitution, for fear of a centralized government

Enlightenment

amamillapalli — 2025-09-14 03:15:29 UTC

the core of the American Revolution, natural rights, self-government, and the social contract that shaped American independence

Albany Plan of Union

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the first formal attempt to unite the British North American colonies under a single, centralized government

Northwest Ordinance

amamillapalli — 2025-09-14 03:24:42 UTC

a landmark act of the Confederation Congress that established a government for the Northwest Territory, set a process for admitting new states to the Union

Newbury Conspiracy

amamillapalli — 2025-09-14 03:31:26 UTC

a plan in 1783 by Continental Army officers to challenge the authority of the Confederation Congress

Great Compromise

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agreement at the Constitutional Convention that created a bicameral legislature

3/5´s Compromise

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an agreement that counted three-fifths of a state's enslaved population as part of its total population

Salutary Neglect

amamillapalli — 2025-09-14 03:39:20 UTC

unofficial British policy in the 17th and 18th centuries that loosened enforcement of parliamentary laws in the American colonies, allowing their autonomy

Political Party

amamillapalli — 2025-09-29 02:47:45 UTC

an organized group of people who are generally inclined toward certain values and goals

Marbury v Madison

amamillapalli — 2025-09-29 02:51:07 UTC

the 1803 case that established the precedent of judicial review, which tells us that the Supreme Court can deem a law unconstitutional

Temprance Movement

amamillapalli — 2025-09-29 02:55:58 UTC

social, religious, and political effort to reduce or abolish alcohol due to its negative effects on society

Abolition Movement

amamillapalli — 2025-09-29 02:59:14 UTC

social, political, religious movement to end and abolish slavery primarily in the 18th and 19th centuries

Women's Rights Movement

amamillapalli — 2025-09-29 03:05:53 UTC

a multi-faceted social movement aimed to equal rights and opportunites for women and

Cotton Gin

amamillapalli — 2025-09-29 03:13:11 UTC

machine engineered by Eli Whitney in 1794 to separate cotton fibers from seeds for a process that was previously labor intensive

Steam Engine

amamillapalli — 2025-09-29 03:14:30 UTC

a heat engine that uses expanding steam for mechanical work, by pushing a piston in a cylinder to create a rotating motion

Factory System

amamillapalli — 2025-09-29 03:27:38 UTC

19th century manufacturing method that centralizes production in one building

Canals

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vital human-made waterways that fueled economic growth, facilitated westward expansion, and transformed transportation in early America

Monroe Doctrine

amamillapalli — 2025-09-29 03:31:00 UTC

foreign policy statement by President James Monroe that declared the Western Hemisphere off limits to further European colonization

Democratic Party

amamillapalli — 2025-09-29 03:32:57 UTC

oldest political party and associates its policies and goals with being in favor of the constituents of a nation

Whigs

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another party in the mid-19th century. Its beliefs were tied with an activist government, and later joined the anti-slavery republican party

Telegraph

amamillapalli — 2025-09-29 03:44:32 UTC

developed by Samuel Morse, enabling messages to be transmitted almost instantaneously over wires using coded signals

Interchangeable Parts

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identical components allowing for swaps without custom measurements necessary

Impressment

amamillapalli — 2025-09-29 03:46:18 UTC

forceful seizure of men to be taken away as commodities or for things like the military or navy

Manifest Destiny

amamillapalli — 2025-10-21 23:29:02 UTC

This was a belief held by the majority of Americans that it was their predestined fate to expand westward from the east

Compromise of 1850

amamillapalli — 2025-10-21 23:30:51 UTC

Admitted CA, New Mexico, and a couple of other states to the U.S., also came up with an Act that required escapee slaves to be turned in if caught.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

amamillapalli — 2025-10-21 23:32:13 UTC

Split apart the territory of Kansas into Kansas and Nebraska after acquiring it, and both states held a vote by popular sovereignty to decide if they would be a free state.

Popular Sovereignty

amamillapalli — 2025-10-21 23:33:39 UTC

A principle stating that governments and nations formed are sustained by the consent of the people

Fugitive Slave Act

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Any escaped slave must be returned to their owner and punished if caught by a free person.

Sectionalism

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loyalty to your specific region within a country, rather than it as a whole

Secession

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formally disconnecting yourself from the rest of the country, which was what the confederacy did

Union

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Laborers would unionize and organize strikes to protect their liberty and petition for better workers' rights

Confederacy

amamillapalli — 2025-10-21 23:43:33 UTC

The South part of America which had split away from the north, formed over the disagreements brought about by slavery. It wasn't stable; they went to war with the rest of the states and lost.

13th Amendment

amamillapalli — 2025-10-21 23:44:34 UTC

abolished slavery, which promoted equal rights and no discrimination

14th Amendment

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Selective incorporation. No state could pass a law which would violate any citizen's right, and promoted and required equal protection of every citizen.

15th Amendment

amamillapalli — 2025-10-21 23:46:46 UTC

Every male citizen could vote, with nothing to do with their race, as long as they were a U.S. Citizen.

Capitalism

amamillapalli — 2025-11-07 02:38:15 UTC

An economic system where private individuals and businesses, rather than the government, own and control property, resources, and the means of production

Cornelius Vanderbilt

amamillapalli — 2025-11-07 02:39:31 UTC

US entrepreneur and key figure in the 1800s who amassed his wealth in shipping and railroads

Andrew Carnegie

amamillapalli — 2025-11-07 02:40:40 UTC

An immigrant who became the richest man in the world by building the American steel industry in the late 19th century

John D. Rockefeller

amamillapalli — 2025-11-07 02:41:48 UTC

An American industrialist and philanthropist who revolutionized the petroleum industry, also considered one of the wealthiest Americans in history

J.P. Morgan

amamillapalli — 2025-11-07 02:43:04 UTC

prominent American banker who played a key role in shaping the country's financial landscape (investment and banking)

Titans of Industry

amamillapalli — 2025-11-07 02:44:11 UTC

powerful and wealthy business leaders, particularly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States (include the people I mentioned earlier)

Robber Barons

amamillapalli — 2025-11-07 02:47:54 UTC

derogatory term for powerful 19th-century American industrialists who built vast fortunes through monopolistic practices

Unions

amamillapalli — 2025-11-07 02:49:36 UTC

organizations of workers formed to advocate for better wages, shorter hours, and safer working conditions in response to the harsh and often dangerous industrial environment of the era. Th

Migration

amamillapalli — 2025-11-07 02:51:29 UTC

the mass movement of people both into the United States from other countries (immigration) and within the United States (internal migration)

Gilded Age

amamillapalli — 2025-11-07 02:52:24 UTC

a period in U.S. history, roughly from the 1870s to the early 1900s, characterized by rapid economic growth and industrialization, alongside significant social problems like political corruption and wealth inequality

Social Darwinism

amamillapalli — 2025-11-07 02:53:23 UTC

The theory that human groups and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin perceived in plants and other animals

Gospel of Wealth

amamillapalli — 2025-11-07 02:54:46 UTC

the philosophy that wealthy individuals have a moral obligation to use their fortunes to benefit society during their lifetime

Muckracking

amamillapalli — 2025-11-07 02:55:32 UTC

a style of investigative journalism that exposes corruption, social injustices, and scandals, especially in business and government

Women's Suffrage

amamillapalli — 2025-12-01 02:04:54 UTC

The movement to give women the right to vote, resulting in greater political rights and equality for women.

Prohibition

amamillapalli — 2025-12-01 02:05:26 UTC

A nationwide ban on alcohol, which led to illegal speakeasies and the rise of organized crime.

Isolationism

amamillapalli — 2025-12-01 02:06:12 UTC

A policy of avoiding involvement in foreign wars and political affairs.

Imperialism

amamillapalli — 2025-12-01 02:09:57 UTC

A country extending its power by controlling other lands politically, economically, or militarily.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

amamillapalli — 2025-12-01 02:10:33 UTC

A U.S. naval officer who argued that a strong navy and overseas bases were key to national power.

Open Door Policy

amamillapalli — 2025-12-01 02:11:22 UTC

A policy stating that all nations should have equal trade access to China.

Militarism

amamillapalli — 2025-12-01 02:14:13 UTC

The belief in building strong military forces to prepare for and threaten war.

Nationalism

amamillapalli — 2025-12-01 02:14:37 UTC

Strong loyalty to one’s nation, sometimes leading to conflict with others.

League of Nations

amamillapalli — 2025-12-01 02:15:01 UTC

An international organization created to prevent wars through cooperation among countries.

Treaty of Versailles

amamillapalli — 2025-12-01 02:15:47 UTC

The peace treaty that ended World War I and punished Germany harshly.

(reparations)

Great Migration

amamillapalli — 2025-12-01 02:16:10 UTC

The movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities to escape racism and find jobs.

Zimmerman Telegram

amamillapalli — 2025-12-01 02:16:34 UTC

Germany’s secret message to Mexico asking for help against the U.S., pushing America toward WWI.

Stocks on Margin

amamillapalli — 2025-12-01 02:17:17 UTC

Buying stocks with borrowed money, which increased financial risk and helped cause the stock market crash.

Tariffs

amamillapalli — 2025-12-01 02:17:45 UTC

Taxes on imported goods, used to protect domestic industries but often raising prices.

3 Rs

amamillapalli — 2025-12-01 02:18:28 UTC

The New Deal goals: Relief, Recovery, and Reform to fix the Great Depression.

Island Hopping

amamillapalli — 2025-12-01 02:18:51 UTC

A U.S. strategy in WWII of capturing key islands to move closer to Japan instead of fighting on every island.

Holocaust

amamillapalli — 2025-12-16 01:40:25 UTC

The systematic genocide carried out by Nazi Germany during World War II in which approximately six million Jews and millions of others were murdered

International Organizations

amamillapalli — 2025-12-16 01:41:13 UTC

Groups formed by multiple countries to cooperate on global issues such as peace, security, economics, and humanitarian aid

United Nations

amamillapalli — 2025-12-16 01:42:16 UTC

An international organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace, international cooperation, and the prevention of future conflicts

Bretton Woods System

amamillapalli — 2025-12-16 01:44:40 UTC

A post World War II economic system that created fixed currency exchange rates and established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank to stabilize the global economy

NATO

amamillapalli — 2025-12-16 02:01:48 UTC

A military alliance formed in 1949 between the United States, Canada, and Western European nations to provide collective defense against communist expansion

Iron Curtain

amamillapalli — 2025-12-16 02:02:19 UTC

A term used to describe the political, military, and ideological division between democratic Western Europe and communist Eastern Europe during the Cold War.

Warsaw Pact

amamillapalli — 2025-12-16 02:02:59 UTC

A 1955 military alliance of communist Eastern European countries led by the Soviet Union, formed in response to NATO

Containment

amamillapalli — 2025-12-16 02:03:44 UTC

A U.S. foreign policy aimed at preventing the spread of communism to new countries during the Cold War

Domino Theory

amamillapalli — 2025-12-16 02:05:08 UTC

The belief that if one country fell to communism, neighboring countries would also fall, like dominoes

Mutually Assured Destruction

amamillapalli — 2025-12-16 02:07:19 UTC

A Cold War doctrine stating that if nuclear war broke out, both sides would be destroyed, which discouraged either side from launching an attack.

Atomic Bomb

amamillapalli — 2025-12-16 02:08:00 UTC

A powerful weapon that releases energy through nuclear fission; first used by the United States in 1945 during World War II

Nuclear Weapons

amamillapalli — 2025-12-16 02:10:57 UTC

Weapons that use nuclear reactions (fission or fusion) to cause massive destruction and long-term radiation effects

Great Society Program

amamillapalli — 2025-12-16 02:12:06 UTC

A series of domestic programs launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960s to reduce poverty, improve education, and promote racial equality.

Brown v Board

amamillapalli — 2025-12-16 02:14:18 UTC

A 1954 Supreme Court case that ruled racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning “separate but equal.”

Reaganomics

amamillapalli — 2026-01-13 02:38:41 UTC

An economic policy from the 1980s under President Ronald Reagan that emphasized tax cuts, reduced government spending on social programs, deregulation, and a strong military to encourage economic growth.

Liberal

amamillapalli — 2026-01-13 02:44:00 UTC

A political ideology that generally supports government involvement to address social and economic inequality, protect civil rights, and provide public services.

Conservative

amamillapalli — 2026-01-13 02:54:27 UTC

A political ideology that emphasizes limited government, free-market capitalism, traditional values, and individual responsibility.

Moral Majority

amamillapalli — 2026-01-13 02:55:41 UTC

A conservative Christian political movement in the late 1970s–1980s that sought to influence U.S. politics around social issues like abortion, family values, and religion in public life.

Trickle Down Economics

amamillapalli — 2026-01-13 02:56:40 UTC

The idea that tax cuts and benefits for businesses and wealthy individuals will eventually benefit the broader population through job creation and economic growth.

Monetary Policy

amamillapalli — 2026-01-13 02:59:21 UTC

Actions taken by a central bank (like the Federal Reserve) to control the money supply and interest rates to influence inflation and economic growth.

Fiscal Policy

amamillapalli — 2026-01-13 03:00:24 UTC

Government decisions about taxing and spending to influence the economy.

Laissez-Faire

amamillapalli — 2026-01-13 18:04:44 UTC

This is an economic theory that advocates for a "hands-off" approach with no government interference in business. It suggests that the free market functions best when left to its own devices and natural competition.

Inflation

amamillapalli — 2026-01-13 18:05:21 UTC

This occurs when the general prices of goods and services rise across the economy over time. As a result, the purchasing power of your money decreases, meaning a dollar buys less than it used to.

Deregulation

amamillapalli — 2026-01-13 18:05:56 UTC

This is the process of removing or reducing government rules and restrictions on specific industries. The goal is to encourage more competition and efficiency by allowing businesses to operate more freely.

GDP

amamillapalli — 2026-01-13 18:06:22 UTC

This is the total dollar value of everything a country produces and every service it provides within a year. It serves as a primary "health check" to see if a nation's economy is growing or shrinking.