1.    What is the main  responsibilities/objectives of airline operations?  

-supply side of airline equation

responsible for the transport of pax and /or cargo between point of origin and destination.

-highly technical support activity

-Operations is responsible for production in airline conversion process. Must deliver product to passenger.

-Operations is charged with operating & maintaining all of the equipment used to support the conversion & always has been a crucial element in the success of an airline. 

-Operations can be broken in 3 subsets; ground ops, flight ops & maintenance. 

-Without marketing there would not be revenue & pax. Without ops, there would not be any product to sell.

2.    List the key responsibilities of Ground Operations.

 responsible for the administration of stations, ground facilities, support equipment.

dispatch, flight planning, flight watch, weather data provision, operations control, ground to air communications and integration with crew, schedules and maintenance planning.

4.    Safety is of paramount importance to airline operations and stringent aircraft maintenance is a key cornerstone to safety.  Describe the types of routine maintenance in relation to airframe maintenance.

A-Checks – Approx every 125 flight hrs Amplified preflight inspection of fuselage exterior, power plant and avionics to general condition of aircraft

B-Checks – Approx every 750 flight hours (A-checks + Preventive maintenance,parts lubricated and checks with airframe examined

C-Checks – Approx every 3,000 hours. Incorporates with A+B Checks. Components repaired and flight controls calibration. Major internal mechanisms testing and post-check flight test

D-Checks – Approx every 20,000 flight hours. Cabin interiors,cockpits are removed to enable careful structural inspection and cracks

Unpredictable circumstances eg. wars, revolutions, and civil strife

Regulatory repression, curfews, 24/7 operation

Weather and ground conditions (Ground equipments and services) Operating differently accordingly

2.    List the key responsibilities of Ground Operations.

– Ensuring passengers have an easy and comfortable experience.
– Carrying out check-in, boarding, and disembarkation procedures.
– Coordinating and managing staff around the aircraft during its stopover.
– Preparation of the flight plan, fuel, weather condition and other important information.
– Drafting and handing over the necessary documents for the flight to the aircraft captain.
– Management of takeoff slots with air traffic organizations.

3.   What are the key functions of Flight Operations?

flight planning, flight watch, weather data provision, operations control, ground to air communications and integration with the crew, schedules, and maintenance planning.

4.    Safety is of paramount importance to airline operations and stringent aircraft maintenance is a key cornerstone to safety.  Describe the types of routine maintenance in relation to airframe maintenance.

Aircraft maintenance is that part of the process of aircraft technical activity which is conducted on aircraft whilst it remains in the line maintenance or base maintenance environment.

A checks - Performed approximately every 400-600 flight hours, or every 200–300 flights, depending on aircraft type. It needs about 50-70 man-hours and is usually performed in an airport hangar. The A check takes a minimum of 10 man-hours. 

B checks- Performed approximately every 6-8 months. It takes about 160-180 man-hours, depending on the aircraft, and is usually completed within 1–3 days at an airport hangar. A similar occurrence schedule applies to the B check as to the A checks

C checks- Performed approximately every 20–24 months, or a specific number of actual flight hours (FH), or as defined by the manufacturer. This maintenance check is much more extensive than the B check, requiring a large majority of the aircraft's components to be inspected. This check puts the aircraft out of service for 1–2 weeks. The aircraft must not leave the maintenance site until it is completed. It also requires more space than A and B checks, therefore, it is usually carried out in a hangar at a maintenance base.

What are some of the main factors that would influence airline operations? 

- Fluctuating oil prices 
- Competition between Airlines
- Political Conflicts
 -Labor shortage 
-tourism impact

1. Air Traffic and Safety Department

- Develop and promote a safe, cost-effective, and efficient air traffic flow from departure to arrival.

- Develop safe aircraft operations, navigation aids, and ground communications programs.

- Keep track of airports and airways that could have an impact on operating policies and procedures.

2. Flight Procedures and Training Department

- Develop and maintain airline fleet operating policies, procedures, and standards.

- Conduct training for flight operations.

3. Flying Department

- Ensure that pilots meet and maintain the airline's and CAA's proficiency standards.

- Maintain the Flight Control Centre’s operations (FCC)

4. Flight Crew Scheduling Department

- Create crew schedules for all flight crew members to ensure that each flight gets the most use and availability.

2.2 What is the primary function of the FCC? 

- To ensure that the airline's services are delivered with the least amount of disruption and delay as possible.

- When services are disrupted or delayed, they are rescheduled as soon as possible to cause the least amount of inconvenience to passengers and at the lowest cost possible while maintaining safety, efficiency, and service.

2.3 Describe the role of flight dispatcher.

- Air traffic control flight plan, navigation/communication log, and fuel flight plan preparation.

- Diversion Flight Plan

- Briefing on weather forecasting and NOTAMs (notice to airmen)

- Load control

2.4 Under what circumstances will a flight be rescheduled, rerouted, and diverted?

3. Name 2 work-related skills you think are necessary to be a staff working in FCC/OCC. Explain the reasons for your choice.

 2. Why are Aircraft Weight and Balance critical for Flight Planning and Operations?

 ◦ The load will need to be evenly distributed using the current weight and report. This is to ensure the Center of Gravity, to remain within the given limitations throughout the flight journey. It will also be monitored throughout.
 
 3. What criteria must the aircraft and landing weights conform to with regard to the take-off, en-route and landing airports used?
 
 - Aircraft take off and landing weight must not exceed that which would preclude the aircraft meeting performance requirements for take off, en route and landing at any airport used.
 
 4. As the Pilot-in-charge (PIC) what is your responsibility with regard to items carried that are not included in the equipment list?

 

The pilot need to take note of the weight of the pilots and crew, freight/cargo and the fuel.

 

Pilots and crew : male – 83kg

Female – 61kg

 

Freight/cargo – determined through use of scaled

 

Fuel -  jet A1- 84kg per litre

Jet b-  80kg per litre

 

 

 

2. Explain how manual aircraft loading is being processed. What are the 3 aircraft weight limits used in airworthiness?

Using of loadsheets (weightsheet & trimsheet) and by highly sophiscated software (Sable & Lido).

 

3.  Explain the concept of Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC).

It is the chord of imaginary rectangular wing that has the same aerodynamic characteristics as the usual wing. 

It is calculated to locate the CG limits for safe flying.

Aircraft CG has to lie between the two limits to be balanced.

1.   Why is there a need to have proper weight control in aircraft loading? How will improper loading affect flight operations?

 

Proper distribution of weight plays a large and important role in an aircraft’s overall performance. Loading your airplane improperly, and it will affect its fuel consumption, speed, rate of climb, controllability, ceiling, and even structural integrity

 

 

2.  Explain how manual aircraft loading is being processed. What are the 3 aircraft weight limits used in airworthiness?

 

Aircraft loading are processed manually using loadsheets and by highly sophisticated software like Sable and Lido. Weight limits: Max zero fuel, Max take off weight, Max landing weight

 

 

 

3.  Explain the concept of Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC).

 

Mean Aerodynamic Chord is the chord of an imaginary rectangular wing that has the same aerodynamic characteristics as the actual wing. Mac is calculated to locate the CG limits for safe flying. Aircraft CG has to lie between the 2 likits to be balanced.

 

 

 

 

- composed of various interactions between passengers & airlines with employees, seeking to exceed customer’s expectations and influencing their perception of the image of the carriers.

4. Describe the arrival passenger flow.

1.    Disembarkation

2.    Immigration

3.    Baggage Claims

4.    Customs

6. List the different functions and activities of transfer passenger handling

FUNCTIONS & ACTIVITIES:
- Segregation of passengers travelling to other airlines.
- Change of aircraft and airline 
- Documentation checks at the transfer desk.
- Checking in transfer pax
- Ensuring MCT is met


8. What are the basic considerations in bussing operations?

- Providing efficient recovery services for pax (eg. delayed flights, cancelled flights)
- Ensuring contingency plannings are planned beforehand.