In Islam, Muslims firmly believe in Allah, which means 'The God' in Arabic. Islam holds a sacred book called the Qur'an, the book of divine revelations. In this holy book, pork is prohibited, and for Muslims to successfully show their obedience, commitment and submission of will to Allah, they must obey the Qur'an (Amina, 2024).

Amina , S. (2024, July 30). Why cant muslims eat pork? 12 Reasons why Muslims can’t eat pork. https://wehalal.co/blog/major-reasons-why-muslims-do-not-eat-pork/Evason, N. (2019). Afghan Culture - Religion. Cultural Atlas. https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/afghan-culture/afghan-culture-religionSCA. (n.d.). Religion in Afghanistan – SCA. https://swedishcommittee.org/religion/#:~:text=About%2099%25%20of%20the%20population

Female: The female clothing is known for its gorgeous handmade embroidery. It is comprised of a long cotton dress in many colours, matching pants, a head scarf (hijab), and a paizar, which is a pair of flat shoes. In summer, a long knee-length dress with matching pants.

Male: The Afghan men wear a Perahan tunban or Kamiz: long- knee length dress with baggy pants or jeans and suits. A chapan is worn over the top, a silk coat usually displayed with colours and patterns and a headpiece (quarakul, turban or caps).

Children: Children's clothing is very similar to the style of adults, with a few variations for boys and girls (Zeenatwears, 2023).

Zeenatwears. (2023, January 11). Afghanistan Clothing Culture. https://medium.com/@zeenatwears/afghanistan-clothing-culture-d2eb6382d1ee

One common health concern within the Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide states that refugees are likely to present in Australia is Malaria. These mosquitos thrive in Afghanistan as they undergo warm temperatures, humid conditions and high rainfall. Malaria can be described as an infection caused by mosquito parasites, the most common and dangerous species of malaria known as plasmodium falciparum.

For the Afghan refugees to manage Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria, they should be admitted to the hospital, where they will receive treatment with monitoring and medications. This includes intramuscular or intravenous injections until they can tolerate oral medication, which is artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) (Malaria> Australian Refugee Health, 2015).

Center for Preventive Action. (2024, July 1). Instability in Afghanistan. Global Conflict Tracker. https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/war-afghanistan#:~:text=Women%20who%20have%20protested%20haveMalaria» Australian Refugee Health. (2015). Refugeehealthguide.org.au. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/malaria/Refugee Council of Australia . (2022). 15,000 places for afghan nationals over four years: why Australians are disappointed.

Initially, I felt that I would have to specialise in an area to be able to work with these vulnerable refugee patients. Alternatively, this is perhaps because I have never worked in a hospital or healthcare environment, so I don't know what to expect (Home, n.d.).

Home. (n.d.). Migrant & Refugee Women’s Health Partnership. https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/

The history of this immoral game conveys that the game was first invented when Afghan tribes would ride horses to steal rival tribes' goats (Afghan Sports History, 2018).

When the Taliban first took over, they banned the game as they thought it was 'immoral', and in 2001, they were overruled, and the game came back into action (Afghanistan's Buzkashi Season Begins, with Taliban at the Reins, 2021).

Afghan Sports History. (2018, October 13). Afghanistan Online. https://www.afghan-web.com/sports/afghan-sports-history/

Afghanistan’s buzkashi season begins, with Taliban at the reins. (2021, November 3). Www.aljazeera.com. https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/11/3/photos-taliban-afghanistan-culture-buzkashi-season

Stephens , Z. (2024, January 24). A Guide to Buzkashi in Tajikistan: Where Can I See Buzkashi (and how to stay safe). https://koryogroup.com/blog/a-guide-to-buzkashi-in-tajikistan-where-can-i-see-buzkashi#chapter-1

Dari, also known as Farsi or Afghan Persian, is considered the dominant language, with a modern dialect. Dari is most likely to be heard within the central, northern, and western regions and is utilised by the Government's administration and media. Around about 49% of the population in Afghanistan speak Dari as their first language.

Pashto is an Indo-Iranian language; it is a language shared with the Persian and Vedic Sanskrit languages and is known for being ancient. Through writing and poetry, this historic language was preserved and continues to be utilised by Afghan citizens today. Around 68% of the population can speak this language, which is usually heard in urban areas such as the south, southwest, and eastern parts of the country (What Languages Are Spoken in Afghanistan? 2016).

Britannica. (2019). Afghanistan - Languages. In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan/Languages

What Languages Are Spoken In Afghanistan? (2016, October 19). WorldAtlas. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-afghanistan.html

Australian Government. (2022). Rights of equality and non-discrimination. Attorney-General’s Department. https://www.ag.gov.au/rights-and-protections/human-rights-and-anti-discrimination/human-rights-scrutiny/public-sector-guidance-sheets/rights-equality-and-non-discrimination

Department of Home Affairs Website. (2019). Department of Home Affairs Website. https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/about-us/our-portfolios/multicultural-framework-review/about-the-multicultural-framework-review#:~:text=Australia%20is%20a%20majority%20migrant

Refugee health assessment» Australian Refugee Health. (n.d.). https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/refugee-health-assessment/

The World Bank. (2023). Social Inclusion. World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/social-inclusion#:~:text=Social%20inclusion%20is%20the%20process