https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7 Creative Diagnostics is a leading manufacturer and supplier of antibodies, viral antigens, innovative diagnostic components and critical assay reagents. We provide contract biologic R&D and manufacturing services to the diagnostic manufacturers along with GMP biologics manufacturing for the biopharmaceutical market. en-us 2017-12-08 03:41:45 UTC 2019-11-18 08:13:27 UTC hello@padlet.com thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/214380525 CAM8 is the latest product of over a decade of Cellular Automata (CA) machine and modeling research by the Information Mechanics group at the MIT Lab for Computer Science. CAM8 is a parallel, uniform, scalable architecture offering unprecedented performance in the fine-grained modeling of spatially-extended systems. It provides a general-purpose instrument for the systematic exploration of a new band of the computational spectrum. We have provided hardware, in the form of CAM8, and software, in the form of a programming environment based on Forth, for experimentation in this realm. Preliminary forms of documentation for the hardware and software are available. 


]]> 2017-12-08 03:44:59 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/214380525 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/214382568 PI3K-Akt Pathway is an intracellular signal transduction pathway that promotes metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis in response to extracellular signals. This is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates. Key proteins involved are phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt/Protein Kinase B.


]]> 2017-12-08 04:16:48 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/214382568 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/214382651 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) is the major circulating form of vitamin D and has a fairly long circulating half-life of 15 days; thus, the total serum 25(OH)D level is currently considered the best indicator of vitamin D supply to the body from cutaneous synthesis and nu tritional intake. In medicine, a 25hydroxyvitamin D blood test is used to determine how much vitamin D is in the body. The blood concentration of 25 hydroxyvitamin D is considered the best indicator of vitamin D status.

]]> 2017-12-08 04:18:03 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/214382651 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/214382689 Dengue is a member of the Flavivirus genus and it is comprised of four distinct serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4). Infection of any serotype can result in a range of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic infection to dengue fever or the severe dengue hemorrhagic fever. Immunity to one serotype does not produce immunity to the other serotypes. 

]]> 2017-12-08 04:18:35 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/214382689 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/214382749 Creative Diagnostics has invented novel immunization Magic™ Adjuvants specifically designed for rapid production of high titers antibodies in mice (Magic™ Mouse Adjuvant) and human (Magic™ Human Adjuvant). Our Magic™ Mouse Adjuvant is by far the most efficient mouse adjuvant for all types of immunogens tested.

]]> 2017-12-08 04:19:24 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/214382749 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/214382812 Immunoglobulin, also known as antibody, which produced by plasma cells , is a large Y-shape protein. There are five isotypes in placental mammals, which are IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. The immune system, which is highly complex and exceedingly specific, uses these glycoprotein molecules to identify and neutralize particular antigens, such as bacteria and viruses.

]]> 2017-12-08 04:20:27 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/214382812 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/214382867 Creative Diagnostics produces the world's most comprehensive list of research-use Hybridomas. Hybridomas are immortalized cells derived from the fusion of B lymphoblasts with a myeloma fusion partner. Some hybridomas in Creative Diagnostics collection are somatic cell hybrids. These cells are capable of producing immunoglobulins that are specific for viral, bacterial or cellular targets. ]]> 2017-12-08 04:21:35 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/214382867 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/214382955 Herpesviridae is a large family of DNA viruses that cause diseases in animals, including humans. The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses. The family name is derived from the Greek word herpein ("to creep"), referring to the latent, recurring infections typical of this group of viruses. Herpesviridae can cause latent or lytic infections.

]]> 2017-12-08 04:23:07 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/214382955 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/219603652 The anti m13 antibody binds to pVIII major coat protein of filamentous phages of the fd, F1 and M13 group. Suitable for the identification of recombinant phages in antigen and antibody-phage display systems and phage ELISA.

]]> 2018-01-09 03:57:15 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/219603652 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/219604055 PI3K-Akt Pathway is an intracellular signal transduction pathway that promotes metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis in response to extracellular signals. This is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates. Key proteins involved are phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt/Protein Kinase B.]]> 2018-01-09 04:01:09 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/219604055 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/219604690 Rapid tests are designed for use where a preliminary screening test result is required and are especially useful in resource-limited settings. We offer high quality reagent testing kits such as HIV rapid test, Malaria rapid test, Rapid dengue test, Syphilis test and Influenza test. These one step simple Rapid Test Kits have been supplied to more than 100 countries overseas. 

]]> 2018-01-09 04:07:37 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/219604690 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/219605009 Zika virus (ZIKV), formerly a neglected pathogen, has recently been associated with microcephaly in fetuses, and with Guillian–Barré syndrome in adults, and has generated worldwide concern. Zika virus belongs to the Flaviviridae family of positive strand RNA viruses that include human pathogens such as the mosquito transmitted Dengue Virus (DENV), West Nile Virus (WNV), Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), Yellow Fever Virus (YFV) and tick-borne encephalitic virus (TBEV).

]]> 2018-01-09 04:11:05 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/219605009 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/219605072 The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway has an important role in the control of immune responses. Dysregulation of JAK-STAT signaling is associated with various immune disorders. The JAK-STAT signaling pathway transmits information from extracellular chemical signals to the nucleus resulting in DNA transcription and expression of genes involved in immunity, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and oncogenesis. 

]]> 2018-01-09 04:11:48 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/219605072 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/219605309 Flow cytometry is a laser-based technique to count and analysis the size, shape and properties of individual cells within a heterogeneous population of cells. Flow cytometry is a widely used approach to phenotype the cells and to assessing the purity of isolated subpopulations. 

]]> 2018-01-09 04:14:50 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/219605309 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/227350852 Chromatin is a complex of macromolecules composed of DNA, RNA, and protein, which is found inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Chromatin exists in two forms: heterochromatin (condensed) and euchromatin (extended). 

]]> 2018-02-02 02:57:45 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/227350852 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/227351089 Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) is an extension of immunoprecipitation (IP) with which Co-IP shares the same fundamental principle of the specific antigen-antibody reaction. By targeting a known protein with a specific antibody, it may be possible to pull the entire protein complex out of solution, thereby identifying unknown members of the complex. However, Co-IP requires greater care and more physiologically relevant conditions than traditional IP. ]]> 2018-02-02 02:59:24 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/227351089 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/227351183 Immunoprecipitation (IP) is one of the most widely used antibody-based techniques. It is used to purify and enrich the protein of interest from a complex mixture such as cell lysate, tissue homogenate or blood sample. The protein is captured by a specific antibody, and then the antibody-protein complexes are pulled out of the sample using Protein A/G-coupled agarose beads or magnetic beads. IP is an important step in many proteomics studies: the molecular weights of protein antigens, protein/protein interactions, post-translational modifications and expression profiling of proteins. 

]]> 2018-02-02 03:00:05 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/227351183 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/227351327 TCR consists of six different polypeptide chains that form the TCR heterodimer responsible for ligand recognition.CD3 molecules (CD3ε, CD3γ, CD3δand CD3ζ), assembled together with the TCR heterodimer, possess a characteristic sequence motif for tyrosine phosphorylation, known as immuno-receptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs). 

]]> 2018-02-02 03:01:03 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/227351327 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/227351476 Over the decades BCR signaling has been studied extensively. Deciphering such a complex signaling pathway composed of hundreds of proteins, stimulating dozens of cell reactions has given a significant insight into understanding the biology of lymphoid malignancies. Following those basic discoveries, a number of new drugs targeting pathologic BCR signaling have appeared and many of them are showing excellent clinical properties.

]]> 2018-02-02 03:01:48 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/227351476 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/227351600 Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) is a combination of RNA and RNA-binding proteins that drives the regulation of post-transcriptional gene expression. A detailed understanding of RNPs provides valuable information for not only the knowledge of particular pathways, but also development of novel compounds representing potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers.

]]> 2018-02-02 03:02:37 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/227351600 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/227351676 Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay is an important method for transcriptional regulation monitoring with uncovered knowledge of interactions between specific proteins and a genomic DNA region. Given the fact that DNA-binding proteins (including transcription factors and histones) in living cells can be cross-linked to the DNA that they are binding, ChIP is used to immunoprecipitate the protein–DNA complex out of cellular lysates by an appropriate antibody. 

]]> 2018-02-02 03:03:17 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/227351676 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/227351753 Macrophages are tissue-resident professional phagocytes, which play an important role in immune-regulation. Activated macrophages are routinely classified into two different types: M1macrophages (classic activation) and M2macrophages (alternative activation). M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory and have a central role in host defense against infection, while M2 macrophages are associated with responses to anti-inflammatory reactions and tissue remodeling, and they represent two terminals of the full spectrum of macrophage activation. ]]> 2018-02-02 03:03:50 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/227351753 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/238991326 Cytokines are important in the communication between cells of multicellular organisms. They are pleiotropic intercellular mediators in controling the survival, growth, proliferation, differentiation and effector functions of cells, and play a key role in normal homeostatic tissue function as well as the regulation of the immune response, particularly during infections, inflammation, neurological and endocrinological autoimmune diseases.

]]> 2018-03-07 03:54:35 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/238991326 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/238991489 In the thymus, developing T cell, known as thymocytes, proliferate and differentiate along developmental pathways that generate functionally distinct subpopulations of mature T cells. Aside from being the main source of all T cells, it is where T cells diversity and then are shaped into an effective primary T cell repertoire by an extraordinary pair of selection processes.]]> 2018-03-07 03:55:40 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/238991489 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/238991603 Cytokines are small secreted proteins released by cells have a specific effect on the interactions and communications between cells. The word cytokine is derived from the Greek kytos meaning ‘hollow’ or ‘vessel’ and kinein meaning ‘to move’ and was originally used to separate a group of immuno-regulatory proteins, such as interleukins, from other chemicals, known as growth factors, that modulated the proliferation and bioactivation of nonimmune cells. 

]]> 2018-03-07 03:56:29 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/238991603 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/238992261 In situ Hybridization (ISH) is a method that allows to localize and detect nucleic acid sequences within structurally intact cells or morphologically preserved tissues sections. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a kind of ISH which uses fluorescent probes binding parts of the chromosome to show a high degree of sequence complementarity.

]]> 2018-03-07 04:01:15 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/238992261 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/238992365 Polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) are mixture of heterogeneous which are usually produced by different B cell clones in the body. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are generated by identical B cells which are clones from a single parent cell. 

]]> 2018-03-07 04:01:54 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/238992365 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/238992473 Immunofluorescence (IF) is a common morphological approach used to determine the distribution of subcellular components. Antibodies that conjugated with fluorescent dyes are required in IF assay. The antibody specifically recognizes the antigen by binding to the epitope of target, and the fluorophore will be detected under a fluorescent microscope. 

]]> 2018-03-07 04:02:41 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/238992473 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/238992529 Immunofluorescence (IF) is a common morphological approach used to determine the distribution of subcellular components. Antibodies that conjugated with fluorescent dyes are required in IF assay. The antibody specifically recognizes the antigen by binding to the epitope of target, and the fluorophore will be detected under a fluorescent microscope. This method is suitable for immunofluorescence on cultured cells.

]]> 2018-03-07 04:03:07 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/238992529 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/238992790 Free floating sections are mounted to slides after staining. Free floating sections of small tissues such as mouse dorsal ganglia root (DRG) are difficult to perform and easy to lose sample.

]]> 2018-03-07 04:04:56 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/238992790 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/260341259 The Wnt signaling pathway is a conserved pathway. The Wnt family of signaling proteins participates in multiple developmental events during embryogenesis and has also been implicated in adult tissue homeostasis. Wnt signals are pleiotropic, with effects that include mitogenic stimulation, cell fate specification, and differentiation. The Wnt signaling pathway is an ancient and evolutionarily conserved pathway that regulates crucial aspects of cell fate determination, cell migration, cell polarity, neural patterning and organogenesis during embryonic development. ]]> 2018-05-14 06:00:53 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/260341259 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/260341332 p53 has many mechanisms of anticancer function and plays a role in apoptosis, monitor DNA replication, cell division, and inhibition of angiogenesis. As an anti-cancer promotion agent, it can activate DNA repair proteins when DNA has sustained damage, induce growth arrest by holding the cell cycle at the G1/S regulation point on DNA damage recognition, or initiate apoptosis if DNA damage proves to be irreparable.

]]> 2018-05-14 06:01:42 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/260341332 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/260342851 Polyclonal antibodies are produced by injecting an immunogen into an animal. After being injected with a specific antigen to elicit a primary immune response, the animal is given a secondary even tertiary immunization to produce higher titers of antibodies against the particular antigen. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are generated by identical B cells which are clones from a single parent cell. This means that the monoclonal antibodies have monovalent affinity and only recognize the same epitope of an antigen.]]> 2018-05-14 06:14:40 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/260342851 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/260343183 Flow cytometry is a laser-based technique to count and analysis the size, shape and properties of individual cells within a heterogeneous population of cells. Flow cytometry is a widely used approach to phenotype the cells and to assessing the purity of isolated subpopulations.]]> 2018-05-14 06:17:14 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/260343183 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/260348695 Single-cell suspension is required for flow cytometry assays. Thus the adherent cell lines and tissue samples require processing into single-cell suspension before flow cytometry analyzed. A number of protocols are available and involved in mechanical dissociation or enzymatic digestion of the sample.]]> 2018-05-14 06:46:39 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/260348695 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/260349048 Autophagy is an essential catabolic pathway by which cytoplasmic materials are delivered to and degraded in the lysosome. This highly regulated pathway is physiologically essential, ensuring nutrient recycling, and cellular and organismal homeostasis during stress. It is activated by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli. 

]]> 2018-05-14 06:48:43 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/260349048 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/260349236 Proliferation is a physiological process of cell division that occurs in almost all tissues, resulting in an increase of the number of cells. Mitosis is the main way for eukaryotes to divide cells, such as multicellular organisms in a mitotic way to increase the number of somatic cells. During the cell mitotic division, a single mother cell divides to produce two daughter cells to replace cells that have been injured or have died, so cell proliferation is defined by the balance between cell divisions and cell loss through cell death or differentiation.

]]> 2018-05-14 06:49:45 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/260349236 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/260349449 Neural cells generate and receive many types of signals that involve biochemical pathways. Interactions between such biochemical pathways involving positive and negative feedback loops lead to emergent system properties. Due to this interdependence, the involvement of biochemical pathways in information processing increases the computational and integrative capacity of a neuron.]]> 2018-05-14 06:51:03 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/260349449 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/266539620 Neuroinflammatory response is primarily an inherent protective mechanism in the central nervous system (CNS). In intact nerves of the CNS, glial cells (including astrocytes and microglia) play a key role in critical support, and can respond to any degree of CNS injury and disease. ]]> 2018-06-11 06:14:26 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/266539620 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/266540023 2018-06-11 06:17:27 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/266540023 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/266540024 Glutamate receptors are located in both neurons and glial cells throughout the CNS. The glutamatergic synapse pathways, which are linked to many other neurotransmitter pathways, play a crucial role in a large array of normal physiological functions. The glutamate dysfunction stands out as a key factor in both neurodevelopmental diseases and injury.]]> 2018-06-11 06:17:26 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/266540024 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/266540025 Glutamate receptors are located in both neurons and glial cells throughout the CNS. The glutamatergic synapse pathways, which are linked to many other neurotransmitter pathways, play a crucial role in a large array of normal physiological functions. The glutamate dysfunction stands out as a key factor in both neurodevelopmental diseases and injury.

]]> 2018-06-11 06:17:27 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/266540025 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/266540060 Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter that widely distributed in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). As a phylogenetically ancient signaling molecule, 5-HT serves as a target of numerous physiologic regulators, including modulators of gene transcription, neurotrophic factors and steroids. ]]> 2018-06-11 06:17:55 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/266540060 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/266540095 Inflammasome activation is a key function mediated by the innate immune system in response to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, dead cells or irritants. However, overt activation of inflammasomes may also lead to a variety of autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases (such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease) and metabolic disorders (such as atherosclerosis, obesity and type II diabetes).

]]> 2018-06-11 06:18:33 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/266540095 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/266540141 Canonical processing of APP is catalyzed by α-secretase, resulting in the generation of two fragments: a large extracellular fragment secreted APP (sAPP) α (sAPPα) that is released to extracellular medium, as well as an83 amino acid C-terminal fragment α-carboxyterminal fragments (CTF) that remains in the membrane. 

]]> 2018-06-11 06:19:11 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/266540141 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/266540233 Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (γ-Aminobutyric acid, GABA) is the predominating inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS. As exogenous GABA cannot penetrate the blood-brain barrier, it is synthesized in the GABAergic neurons in the CNS, converted from glutamate, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter, using the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor. 

]]> 2018-06-11 06:20:12 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/266540233 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/266540371 Tau protein is produced by alternative mRNA splicing of a single gene MAPT. Human MAPT is located at the chromosomal locus 17q21 and contains 16 exons, and alternative splicing of exons 2, 3, and 10 yields six isoforms. The structure of tau protein is divided into four regions: an acidic N-terminal region, a proline-rich region, a microtubule-binding domain (MBD) that is responsible for tau binding to microtubules and a C-terminal region.

]]> 2018-06-11 06:21:51 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/266540371 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/266540423 Phosphorylation is the most common and important molecular mechanism of acute and reversible regulation of protein function. Through protein phosphorylation, protein function is regulated in response to extracellular stimuli both inside and outside the cell. 

]]> 2018-06-11 06:22:25 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/266540423 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/270496768 The intrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by, for example, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. It is activated by a range of exogenous and endogenous stimuli, such as DNA damage, ischemia, and oxidative stress. Moreover, it plays an important function in development and in the elimination of damaged cells.

]]> 2018-07-18 07:15:56 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/270496768 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/270496870 As a surface receptor, for example, TNF receptor-1 (TNF-R1), it will interact with TNF to induce the recruitment of adaptor proteins such as Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) and Tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein (TRADD), which recruits a series of downstream factors, including Caspase-8, which is a critical mediator of the extrinsic pathway, resulting eventually in cell apoptosis.

]]> 2018-07-18 07:17:48 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/270496870 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/270496971 Extracellular molecules, such as nucleotides, lipids, short peptides or proteins, are released by cells and bind to receptors on the other cells, which are important mediators in cell-to-cell communications in multicellular organisms. In addition to single molecules, eukaryotic cells can also release membrane vesicles into extracellular environment, such as microvesicles, apoptotic blebs and exosomes. ]]> 2018-07-18 07:19:25 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/270496971 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/273998369 Progesterone and estrogen are the two most important hormones in the female body. These are steroid hormones that are responsible for various female characteristics in the body. The ovaries are a pair of ova-producing organs (that is, they produce egg cells) that maintain the health of the female reproductive system. 

]]> 2018-08-20 08:31:07 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/273998369 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/273998529 2018-08-20 08:32:18 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/273998529 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/273998530 The causal pathogens were identified as carnation mottle virus (CarMV) and carnation etched ring virus (CERV) based on various genetic analyses. This is thought to be the first report of CarMV and CERV in Mexico. There are 15 different viruses are known at present. Most of carnations leaves may be mottled, have yellow spotting, dead flecks, line or ring spot patterns once infected by virus. Plant may be distorted or have flower color breaking.]]> 2018-08-20 08:32:18 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/273998530 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/273998638 Interferons (IFNs) were the first family of cytokines to be discovered. In 1957 researchers observed that if susceptible animal cells were exposed to a colonizing virus, these cells immediately become resistant to attack by other viruses.]]> 2018-08-20 08:33:04 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/273998638 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/273998734 Cytokines are small secreted proteins released by cells have a specific effect on the interactions and communications between cells. The word cytokine is derived from the Greek kytos meaning ‘hollow’ or ‘vessel’ and kinein meaning ‘to move’ and was originally used to separate a group of immuno-regulatory proteins, such as interleukins, from other chemicals, known as growth factors, that modulated the proliferation and bioactivation of nonimmune cells.]]> 2018-08-20 08:33:42 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/273998734 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/273998812 The researchers also found that an enzyme called DGAT1 (diacylglycerol acyltransferase), an ER-localized DGAT enzyme is crucial to the re-esterification process, fatty acid re-esterification during adipocyte lipolysis is mediated by DGAT1.]]> 2018-08-20 08:34:26 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/273998812 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/273998917 Discovered in 1978, tumor markers can be detected in the tumor-related substances in the blood, body fluids and tissues, and to a certain level, they can reflect the presence of certain tumors.]]> 2018-08-20 08:35:20 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/273998917 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/273999034 Obesity individuals secrete less adiponectin than lean individuals. The decreased production of adiponectin, in combination with the inability of adipose tissue to store the surplus free fatty acids (FFAs), can be considered to reflect adipose tissue dysfunction. Under normal conditions, adiponectin increases insulin sensitivity directly, by stimulating tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor. ]]> 2018-08-20 08:36:16 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/273999034 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/273999136 The Warburg Effect confers direct signaling functions on tumor cells. Glucose can be transported into plasma by glucose transporter and phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) by hexokinase which is regulated by c-Myc and Akt.]]> 2018-08-20 08:37:08 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/273999136 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/283292771 The Interleukin-1 family (IL-1 family) is a group of 11 cytokines, which plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections or sterile insults. In 1985 two distinct, but distantly related complementary DNAs encoding proteins sharing human IL-1 activity were reported to be isolated from a macrophage cDNA library, thus defining two individual members of the IL-1 family – IL-1α and IL-1β.]]> 2018-09-19 07:48:09 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/283292771 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/283293018 The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are proteins with high sequence similarity to insulin. IGFs are part of a complex system that cells use to communicate with their physiologic environment. This complex system (often referred to as the IGF "axis") consists of two cell-surface receptors (IGF1R and IGF2R), two ligands (Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2)), a family of six high-affinity IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to IGFBP-6), as well as associated IGFBP degrading enzymes, referred to collectively as proteases.]]> 2018-09-19 07:48:56 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/283293018 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/283294000 T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3), otherwise known as Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 (HAVCR2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAVCR2 gene. TIM-3 belongs to TIM family cell surface receptor proteins. These proteins share a similar structure, in which the extracellular region consists of membrane distal single variable immunoglobulin domain (IgV) and a glycosylated mucin domain of variable length located closer to the membrane. ]]> 2018-09-19 07:52:02 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/283294000 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/283294221 Programmed cell death protein 1, also known as PD-1 and CD279, is a cell surface receptor that plays an important role in down-regulating the immune system and promoting self-tolerance by suppressing T cell inflammatory activity. In humans, it is encoded by the PDCD1 gene. PD-1 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and is expressed on T-cells and pro-B cells.]]> 2018-09-19 07:52:47 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/283294221 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/283294899 Lymphocyte-activation gene 3, otherwise known as LAG-3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the LAG3 gene which contains 8 exons. From the sequencing data, the composition of exons and introns and the location of the chromosomes all indicate that the relationship between LGA3 and CD4 is closely related.]]> 2018-09-19 07:54:54 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/283294899 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/283297798 Osteocyte is the main cell in mature bone tissue, which is derived from bone marrow cells. When the new bone matrix is calcified, the cells are embedded therein. At this point, the cell's synthesis activity stops, and the cytoplasm decreases to become a bone cell. ]]> 2018-09-19 08:02:51 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/283297798 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/283298017 The traditional concept is that adipose tissue is an inert tissue that functions as storing fat, supplying energy and insulation, absorbing shock, regulating body temperature, filling and fixing. However, in recent years it has been observed that adipose tissue is also an endocrine organ with active metabolism and complex functions. ]]> 2018-09-19 08:03:31 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/283298017 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/283298265 Immune checkpoints are regulators of the immune system. These pathways are crucial for self-tolerance, which prevents the immune system from attacking cells indiscriminately. Therefore, an immune response is tightly regulated, and multiple mechanisms are in place to prevent autoimmune reactions to self-proteins.]]> 2018-09-19 08:04:25 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/283298265 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/295264676 Angiogenesis is defined as the process by which new blood vessels are formed from the pre-existing blood vessels in response to numerous mechanical, chemical, and inflammatory stimuli, enhancing tumor survival and progression. Tumor growth and metastasis depend on angiogenesis and lymph angiogenesis. ]]> 2018-10-22 01:25:39 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/295264676 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/295265095 The c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) is a receptor tyrosine kinase with structural similarity to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein. It was discovered in the 1980s as the oncogene product of the chicken sarcoma RNA UR2 (University of Rochester) tumor virus. ]]> 2018-10-22 01:27:59 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/295265095 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/295265221 Increasing studies have confirmed that the pathogenesis of diabetes is related to various signaling pathways, such as insulin signaling pathway, AMPK pathway, and PPAR regulation and chromatin modification pathways. These signaling pathways have thus become the major source of the promising novel drug targets to treat metabolic diseases and diabetes.]]> 2018-10-22 01:28:53 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/295265221 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/295265461 Neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) give rise to every type of neural cells, forming the most complex and functional organ of the body. In the mammalian embryonic central nervous system (CNS), NS/PCs are found in the basal forebrain, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, ganglionic eminence, cerebellum, neural crest, and spinal cord.]]> 2018-10-22 01:30:03 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/295265461 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/295265857 The Wnt protein family includes a large number of cysteine-rich glycoproteins. The Wnt proteins activate signal transduction cascades via three different pathways, the canonical Wnt pathway, the noncanonical planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, and the noncanonical Wnt/Ca2+ pathway.]]> 2018-10-22 01:31:22 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/295265857 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/295265986 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), originally known as vascular permeability factor (VPF), is a signal protein produced by cells that stimulate the formation of blood vessels. To be specific, VEGF is a sub-family of growth factors, the platelet-derived growth factor family of cystine-knot growth factors. ]]> 2018-10-22 01:32:13 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/295265986 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/295266107 The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily is a protein superfamily of type II transmembrane proteins containing TNF homology domain and forming trimers. Members of this superfamily can be released from the cell membrane by extracellular proteolytic cleavage and function as a cytokine. ]]> 2018-10-22 01:32:53 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/295266107 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/295266188 The Interleukin-6 family (IL-6 family) is a group of cytokines consisting of IL-6, IL-11, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM), cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1). They are grouped into one family because the receptor complex of each cytokine contains two (IL-6 and IL-11) or one molecule (all others cytokines) of the signaling receptor subunit gp130.]]> 2018-10-22 01:33:30 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/295266188 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/303141511 The circulating phagocytic immune cell is considered to be the main effector of the invertebrate defense system, involved in both immune and neuroendocrine responses, showing the functional characteristics of vertebrate macrophage. ]]> 2018-11-12 08:20:42 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/303141511 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/303142014 Clostridium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the firmicutes. They are obligate anaerobes capable of producing endospores. Individual cells are rod-shaped, members of which are found in soil, water, and the intestinal tracts of humans and other animals.]]> 2018-11-12 08:22:36 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/303142014 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/303142533 EGF is the founding member of the EGF-family of proteins. Members of this protein family have highly similar structural and functional characteristics. EGF family members have at least one common structural motif, the EGF domain, which consists of six conserved cysteine residues forming three disulfide bonds. ]]> 2018-11-12 08:25:06 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/303142533 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/303142695 Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and tumor cells. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses.]]> 2018-11-12 08:25:48 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/303142695 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/303142880 Chemokines (Greek -kinos, movement) are a family of small cytokines, or signaling proteins secreted by cells. Their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells; they are chemotactic cytokines. Cytokine proteins are classified as chemokines according to behavior and structural characteristics. ]]> 2018-11-12 08:26:42 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/303142880 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/303142982 Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is one of numerous growth factors that regulate cell growth and division. In particular, PDGF plays a significant role in blood vessel formation, the growth of blood vessels from already-existing blood vessel tissue, mitogenesis, i.e. proliferation, of mesenchymal cells such as fibroblasts, osteoblasts, tenocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells and mesenchymal stem cells as well as chemotaxis, the directed migration, of mesenchymal cells. ]]> 2018-11-12 08:27:14 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/303142982 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/303143148 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 4 (TNFRSF4), also known as CD134 and OX40 receptor, is a fellow of the TNFR-superfamily of receptors. It is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TNFRSF4 gene which contains 9 exons. It also has been demonstrated to have a key role in the survival and homeostasis of effector and memory T cells in transplantation and autoimmunity.]]> 2018-11-12 08:28:00 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/303143148 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/314545377 The Interleukin-1 family (IL-1 family) is a group of 11 cytokines, which plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections or sterile insults. In 1985 two distinct, but distantly related complementary DNAs encoding proteins sharing human IL-1 activity were reported to be isolated from a macrophage cDNA library, thus defining two individual members of the IL-1 family – IL-1α and IL-1β.]]> 2018-12-14 06:32:02 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/314545377 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/314545467 The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are proteins with high sequence similarity to insulin. IGFs are part of a complex system that cells use to communicate with their physiologic environment. This complex system (often referred to as the IGF "axis") consists of two cell-surface receptors (IGF1R and IGF2R), two ligands (Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2)), a family of six high-affinity IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to IGFBP-6), as well as associated IGFBP degrading enzymes, referred to collectively as proteases.]]> 2018-12-14 06:33:00 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/314545467 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/314545667 T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3), otherwise known as Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 (HAVCR2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAVCR2 gene. TIM-3 belongs to TIM family cell surface receptor proteins. These proteins share a similar structure, in which the extracellular region consists of membrane distal single variable immunoglobulin domain (IgV) and a glycosylated mucin domain of variable length located closer to the membrane.]]> 2018-12-14 06:35:24 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/314545667 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/314545709 T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3), otherwise known as Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 (HAVCR2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAVCR2 gene. TIM-3 belongs to TIM family cell surface receptor proteins. These proteins share a similar structure, in which the extracellular region consists of membrane distal single variable immunoglobulin domain (IgV) and a glycosylated mucin domain of variable length located closer to the membrane.]]> 2018-12-14 06:36:07 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/314545709 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/314545742 Programmed cell death protein 1, also known as PD-1 and CD279, is a cell surface receptor that plays an important role in down-regulating the immune system and promoting self-tolerance by suppressing T cell inflammatory activity. In humans, it is encoded by the PDCD1 gene. PD-1 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and is expressed on T-cells and pro-B cells.]]> 2018-12-14 06:36:49 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/314545742 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/314545790 Lymphocyte-activation gene 3, otherwise known as LAG-3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the LAG3 gene which contains 8 exons. From the sequencing data, the composition of exons and introns and the location of the chromosomes all indicate that the relationship between LGA3 and CD4 is closely related.]]> 2018-12-14 06:37:38 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/314545790 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/314545849 Osteocyte is the main cell in mature bone tissue, which is derived from bone marrow cells. When the new bone matrix is calcified, the cells are embedded therein. At this point, the cell's synthesis activity stops, and the cytoplasm decreases to become a bone cell.]]> 2018-12-14 06:38:39 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/314545849 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/314546101 The traditional concept is that adipose tissue is an inert tissue that functions as storing fat, supplying energy and insulation, absorbing shock, regulating body temperature, filling and fixing. However, in recent years it has been observed that adipose tissue is also an endocrine organ with active metabolism and complex functions.]]> 2018-12-14 06:42:14 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/314546101 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/314546155 Immune checkpoints are regulators of the immune system. These pathways are crucial for self-tolerance, which prevents the immune system from attacking cells indiscriminately. Therefore, an immune response is tightly regulated, and multiple mechanisms are in place to prevent autoimmune reactions to self-proteins.

]]> 2018-12-14 06:43:08 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/314546155 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/320644639 The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are proteins with high sequence similarity to insulin. IGFs are part of a complex system that cells use to communicate with their physiologic environment. This complex system (often referred to as the IGF "axis") consists of two cell-surface receptors (IGF1R and IGF2R), two ligands (Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2)), a family of six high-affinity IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to IGFBP-6), as well as associated IGFBP degrading enzymes, referred to collectively as proteases.]]> 2019-01-15 07:56:48 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/320644639 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/320644808 Angiogenesis is defined as the process by which new blood vessels are formed from the pre-existing blood vessels in response to numerous mechanical, chemical, and inflammatory stimuli, enhancing tumor survival and progression. Tumor growth and metastasis depend on angiogenesis and lymph angiogenesis.]]> 2019-01-15 07:57:39 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/320644808 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/320644950 The c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) is a receptor tyrosine kinase with structural similarity to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein. It was discovered in the 1980s as the oncogene product of the chicken sarcoma RNA UR2 (University of Rochester) tumor virus.]]> 2019-01-15 07:58:23 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/320644950 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/320645127 Increasing studies have confirmed that the pathogenesis of diabetes is related to various signaling pathways, such as insulin signaling pathway, AMPK pathway, and PPAR regulation and chromatin modification pathways. These signaling pathways have thus become the major source of the promising novel drug targets to treat metabolic diseases and diabetes.]]> 2019-01-15 07:59:22 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/320645127 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/320645276 Neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) give rise to every type of neural cells, forming the most complex and functional organ of the body. In the mammalian embryonic central nervous system (CNS), NS/PCs are found in the basal forebrain, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, ganglionic eminence, cerebellum, neural crest, and spinal cord.]]> 2019-01-15 08:00:07 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/320645276 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/320645429 The Wnt protein family includes a large number of cysteine-rich glycoproteins. The Wnt proteins activate signal transduction cascades via three different pathways, the canonical Wnt pathway, the noncanonical planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, and the noncanonical Wnt/Ca2+ pathway.]]> 2019-01-15 08:00:56 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/320645429 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/320645797 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), originally known as vascular permeability factor (VPF), is a signal protein produced by cells that stimulate the formation of blood vessels. To be specific, VEGF is a sub-family of growth factors, the platelet-derived growth factor family of cystine-knot growth factors.]]> 2019-01-15 08:02:50 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/320645797 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/320646109 The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily is a protein superfamily of type II transmembrane proteins containing TNF homology domain and forming trimers. Members of this superfamily can be released from the cell membrane by extracellular proteolytic cleavage and function as a cytokine.]]> 2019-01-15 08:04:21 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/320646109 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/330207165 Cytokine receptors are receptors that bind cytokines. In recent years, the cytokine receptors have come to demand the attention of more investigators than cytokines themselves, partly because of their remarkable characteristics, and partly because a deficiency of cytokine receptors has now been directly linked to certain debilitating immunodeficiency states.]]> 2019-02-12 06:57:14 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/330207165 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/330207300 The Interleukin-10 family (IL-10 family) is a group of 6 cytokines, which plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections or sterile insults. In addition to IL-10, it includes IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26. Some sources also include the interferons IL-28 and IL-29.]]> 2019-02-12 06:58:03 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/330207300 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/330207391 Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is an interleukin that is naturally produced by dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and human B-lymphoblastoid cells (NC-37) in response to antigenic stimulation. IL-12 is composed of a bundle of four alpha helices.]]> 2019-02-12 06:58:40 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/330207391 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/330207530 Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by activated T-cells. Recently discovered related molecules are forming a family of cytokines, the IL-17 family. The prototype member of the family has been designated IL-17A.]]> 2019-02-12 06:59:32 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/330207530 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/330207622 TCR ligation of T cells transiently induces expression of 4-1BB (also known as CD137 or TNFRSF9, encoded by TNFRSF9), a fellow of the TNF receptor superfamily. 4-1BB was originally identified in mice by a modified differential screening procedure.]]> 2019-02-12 07:00:21 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/330207622 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/330207721 CD40 (also known TNFRSF5, Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5.) is a costimulatory protein and expresses on antigen presenting cells (APC). In human, CD40 is coded by TNFRSF5 gene and has 7 transcripts. Its ligand, CD154 (CD40L), is a protein that is primarily expressed on activated T cells and is also a member of the TNF superfamily of molecules.]]> 2019-02-12 07:00:59 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/330207721 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/330207728 CD27 and CD70 molecules are typical members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF). So CD27 is also known as the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 7(TNFRSF7), and its ligand is called tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily 7(TNFLSF7).]]> 2019-02-12 07:01:03 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/330207728 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/330208077 Interleukin 17 (IL-17 or IL-17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine. This cytokine is generated by a group of T helper cell known as T helper 17 cells. Originally, Th17 was defined in 1993 by Rouvier et al. who isolated IL17 transcripts from rodent T-cell hybridomas.]]> 2019-02-12 07:03:41 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/330208077 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/344431166 Polo-like kinase (PLK) is a highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase with a highly homologous serine/threonine kinase domain at its N-terminus, which regulates PLK activity and subcellular dynamics at the C-terminus and targeted polo-box domain (PBD).]]> 2019-03-23 08:03:23 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/344431166 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/344431370 The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a multifunctional ubiquitin ligase involved in cell cycle, metabolism, DNA damage repair, autophagy, apoptosis, aging, tumors and a variety of biological processes. As an important post-translational modification, ubiquitination regulates protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). APC/C has a large molecular weight and consists of multiple subunits.

]]> 2019-03-23 08:07:43 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/344431370 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/344431391 The Rho subfamily belongs to a member of the small molecule G protein in the Ras superfamily and has GTPase activity. It converts between an activated state (bound to GTP) and an inactive state (bound to GDP), acting as a molecular switch, and is a Rho protein that exerts various biological effects by binding to its downstream target effector molecule.]]> 2019-03-23 08:08:16 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/344431391 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/344431429 The role of the cell cycle checkpoint kinase is to maintain the genome's fidelity by blocking the cell cycle and repairing damaged DNA after DNA damage. Known cell cycle checkpoint kinases include: Chk1 (checkpoint kinase 1) and Chk2 (checkpoint kinase 2). Both of them have overlapping substrate profiles and similar structures but are not expressed equally in cells and tissues of different tumors and other diseases.]]> 2019-03-23 08:08:56 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/344431429 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/344431468 The transition between different states of the eukaryotic cell cycle is mainly controlled by checkpoints, which consist of two protein families: cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) and cycling. The former monomer has no enzymatic activity and can only be activated when it forms a CDK-cyclin complex with the latter.]]> 2019-03-23 08:09:37 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/344431468 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/353335794 The thyroid hormone signaling pathway has a wide range of functions in terms of individual development, maintenance of homeostasis, cell proliferation and differentiation, and glucose metabolism. Thyroid hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland, including thyroxine (T3) and triiodothyronine (T4).]]> 2019-04-23 13:00:53 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/353335794 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/353336216 Like other nuclear receptor super families, PPAR is essentially a class of ligand-dependent transcriptional regulators, all of which are single subunits with an N-terminal region (A/B region), a highly conserved DNA-binding region (C region), and the hormone binding region of the C-terminus (region E).]]> 2019-04-23 13:01:46 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/353336216 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/353337119 Neurotrophins are a family of proteins that play an essential role in the survival, development and function of neurons. They significantly regulate axonal and dendritic growth and guidance, synaptic structure and connections, neurotransmitter release, long-term potentiation (LTP) and synaptic plasticity.]]> 2019-04-23 13:03:44 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/353337119 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/353337445 MELK was originally found to be expressed during early development of embryos and cellular processes, suggesting that it plays an important role in embryogenesis and cell cycle control. In addition, MELK is also expressed in some human cancers as well as stem cell populations where it shows unique spatial and temporal patterns of expression in specific tissues.]]> 2019-04-23 13:04:32 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/353337445 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/353338255 The insulin signaling pathway is the sum of all proteins involved in the action of insulin in the body and the factors that regulate this pathway. Since the discovery of insulin in 1921, people's perspective has focused on insulin in the liver, skeletal muscle and blood sugar control, which stimulates skeletal muscle and adipose tissue to take up glucose, inhibits gluconeogenesis of liver tissue, and exerts hypoglycemic effects.]]> 2019-04-23 13:06:16 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/353338255 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/353338678 The glucagon signaling pathway refers to the sum of a series of proteins and regulatory factors involved in the function of glucagon. Human pancreatic hyperglycemia is a linear polypeptide consisting of 29 amino acids with a molecular weight of 3485, which is also cleaved by precursors of macromolecules.]]> 2019-04-23 13:07:04 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/353338678 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/353339038 The estrogen signaling pathway refers to all proteins of estrogen function and related regulatory proteins. Estrogen is a substance that promotes the development of secondary sexual characteristics and sexual organ maturation in female animals. It is secreted by the ovary and placenta of female animals.]]> 2019-04-23 13:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/353339038 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/353339446 The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA–PK) is a nuclear serine/threonine protein kinase which is activated after the interaction with its target DNA. DNA–PK is a complex composed of a large catalytic subunit named DNA–PKcs and a heterodimer of Ku proteins (Ku70/80) that is a regulatory factor.]]> 2019-04-23 13:08:37 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/353339446 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/365089109 The relaxin signaling pathway refers to all proteins involved in the pathway of relaxin signaling pathway and related regulatory factors. Relaxin is a peptide hormone that relaxes the birth canal before delivery. Mainly produced in the corpus luteum of the ovary during mammalian pregnancy, it relaxes the pelvic ligament, loosens the pubic symphysis, and dilates the cervix and vagina.]]> 2019-06-02 06:11:19 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/365089109 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/365089164 The oxytocin signaling pathway refers to signaling pathway proteins including oxytocin, oxytocin receptors, and related regulatory factors. Oxytocin is a peptide hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary. Synthesized from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus, it consists of 9 amino acids.]]> 2019-06-02 06:12:59 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/365089164 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/365089324 Prolactin is a hormone with more than 300 independent functions. It is mainly secreted by the anterior pituitary cells and can be synthesized and secreted by other extensive cells in the body. These cells include various immune cells, brain and decidual cells of the uterus, skin cells, etc. Many experimental results have shown that PRL is present in all vertebrates.]]> 2019-06-02 06:17:15 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/365089324 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/365089358 The thyroid hormone signaling pathway has a wide range of functions in terms of individual development, maintenance of homeostasis, cell proliferation and differentiation, and glucose metabolism. Thyroid hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland, including thyroxine (T3) and triiodothyronine (T4).]]> 2019-06-02 06:18:05 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/365089358 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/365089448 Wee1 protein kinase is a key regulatory center in DNA replication, chromosomal concentration, and histone transcription. These biological behavioral abnormalities can lead to genomic instability and cause malignant tumors, but inhibition or down-regulation of Wee1 protein kinase expression in malignant tumors can trigger mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis leads to tumor cell death.]]> 2019-06-02 06:19:45 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/365089448 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/365089488 The Rho family of proteins is the first cloned protein in the Ras superfamily. They are a group of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding proteins with a relative molecular mass of about 2025 KD, which have GTPase activity and are called the "GTP enzymes". The Rho GTPase plays an important role in the regulation of cytoskeletal reorganization.]]> 2019-06-02 06:20:55 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/365089488 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/365089568 The dynamic balance between cell death, proliferation, and differentiation is an important condition for maintaining the development and tissue homeostasis of multicellular organisms. Traditionally, apoptosis is the only form of programmed cell death, and necroptosis is the passive death of cells under extreme conditions, independent of the regulation of intracellular and extracellular signals.]]> 2019-06-02 06:22:35 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/365089568 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/365089664 Cellular senescence provides sufficient time for DNA damage repair to maintain the stability of the cell's genome. Cellular senescence requires signal transduction, and the two most important signaling pathways are the P16Ink4a/Rb (retinoblastoma protein) pathway and the P19Arf/P53/P21Cip1 pathway, which interact but independently regulate the process of the cells cycle.]]> 2019-06-02 06:24:27 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/365089664 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/370283817 The adipocytokine signaling pathway refers to the sum of all proteins, factors, and all proteins responsible for the regulation in the adipocytokine signaling pathway. Fat cells are an active endocrine and paracrine organ that secretes a variety of cytokines and biologically active substances that not only regulate energy balance in the body, but also participate in the process of inflammation, coagulation, fibrinolysis, insulin resistance, diabetes and atherosclerosis.]]> 2019-07-05 06:33:56 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/370283817 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/370283899 Chemokines are a family of chemoattractant cytokines released by tissues in the earliest phases of infection. They are usually produced by a wide variety of cell types in response to bacterial products, viruses, and agents that trigger physical damage. These small proteins directly induce chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells, leading to the movement of the cells toward the source of the chemokines.]]> 2019-07-05 06:35:18 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/370283899 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/371422077 LRRK2 protein is composed of seven functional domains: ANK, LRR, ROC, CDR, MAPKKK~H, and WD-40. Among them, ANK, LRR~H WD-40 are involved in protein interactions, ANKs are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and LRR can be involved in mediating GTPase and protein kinase activities. The gene mutation of the LR domain is closely related to the occurrence of Parkinson’s disease.]]> 2019-07-17 08:03:46 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/371422077 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/371422223 The CXCR signaling pathway family mainly comprises chemokines and chemokine receptors and CXCR consists of about 330 amino acids. The seven transmembrane regions divide the molecule into an extracellular free N-terminus, three extracellular loops, three intracellular loops, and several C-terminal portions.]]> 2019-07-17 08:05:28 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/371422223 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/371422321 Lipid metabolism mainly includes triglyceride (TG) metabolism, metabolism of cholesterol and its esters, and phospholipid and glycolipid metabolism. In these metabolic processes, many proteases, receptors, transcription factors, etc. are involved, and they are regulated by some signal transduction pathways,...]]> 2019-07-17 08:06:38 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/371422321 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/371422559 The human chemerin-encoding gene is 3289 bp in length and is in chromosome 7q36.1, which consists of 4 exons and 3 introns. Chemerin was cloned in 1997 by Nagpal et al. in the treatment of psoriasis with the tretinoin-based drug, taurine, which upregulates gene expression.]]> 2019-07-17 08:09:44 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/371422559 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/371422565 Adenylate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a key role in the regulation of cellular energy homeostasis. This kinase is activated by a response to stress factors that deplete the supply of cellular ATP, including hypoglycemia, hypoxia, ischemia, and heat shock. AMPK can be found as a heterotrimeric complex containing a catalytic alpha subunit and regulatory beta and gamma subunits.]]> 2019-07-17 08:09:50 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/371422565 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/371422613 Adiponectin is also known as Acrp30, Apm1, AdipoQ, and GBP28. Initially, adiponectin was found in human subcutaneous adipose tissue, plasma, and murine fat cells. As an insulin hypersensitizing hormone (An Insulin-sensitizing Hormone), adiponectin can increase the fatty acid oxidation and sugar absorption of skeletal muscle cells, significantly enhance insulin's inhibition of gluconeogenesis and inhibit liver glycogen production]]> 2019-07-17 08:10:24 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/371422613 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/371422876 Vaspin is a member of the serine protease inhibitor family. When an animal model of spontaneous type 2 diabetes was established in OLETF (Otsu-ka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty) rats, and the peak plasma concentration of obesity and insulin occurred, Hida et al found that vaspin was highly expressed in visceral adipose tissue.]]> 2019-07-17 08:13:43 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/371422876 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/371423456 Adipose tissue not only stores energy but also secretes a variety of inflammatory mediators and cellular factors. It secretes tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), leptin, retinol-binding protein, resistin, adiponectin, visfatin, etc., affecting carbohydrates and lipid metabolism and playing an important role in pathophysiological processes such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, inflammatory response, and vascular endothelial dysfunction.]]> 2019-07-17 08:18:45 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/371423456 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/376266124 Veterinary drugs are a complex group of substances with a couple of hundred actives belonging to different chemical classes and therapeutic areas, e.g. antibiotics, anticoccidial drug, hormones and anabolics drugs, such as androgens, estrogens and, beta-agonists. When food producing animals are treated with antibiotics, hormones or anabolics to cure and prevent diseases, and also to increase weight gain and tranquilise during transportation, drug residues remain in the animal’s meat and milk. These residues may bear health risks for consumers.]]> 2019-08-22 07:51:38 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/376266124 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/376270422 As a member of AGC kinases family, PDK-1, a protein of 556 amino acids, is composed of serine and threonine kinases. The catalytic domain of these serine and threonine kinases show a sequential similarity with cAMP-dependent protein kinase 1 (PKA), cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) and protein kinase C (PKC). There are two phosphorylation sites that many AGC kinases and they are to regulate the activity of AGC kinases.]]> 2019-08-22 08:16:55 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/376270422 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/376272219 Lipocalin protein belongs to a large class of adipocytokines, and lipocalin family proteins include LCN2, LCN6, LCN9, LCN11-13, retinol-binding protein, α-microglobulin, α1 acid glycoprotein, insect bile pigment binding protein and β-lactoglobulin, etc. All have a homologous beta barrel structure.]]> 2019-08-22 08:26:26 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/376272219 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/376272346 In humans, Apelin is mainly expressed in vascular endothelial cells of heart, kidney and lung, and is less expressed in cardiomyocytes, lung, kidney, adrenal secretory cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, adipose tissue, and nerve cells. The human apelin gene is located on chromosome Xq25-26 and consists of three exons and two introns.]]> 2019-08-22 08:27:06 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/376272346 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/376272554  Nerve growth factor (NGF) is one of the most important biologically active molecules in the nervous system. It plays an important role and has clinical significance in regulating the growth, development, differentiation, survival of nerve cells and the regeneration and repair of injured nerves.]]> 2019-08-22 08:28:25 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/376272554 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/376273786 Adipose tissue has long been thought to be just a “warehouse” for storing lipids since it has been found that fat cells secrete certain cytokines and hormones which play an important role in adipose tissue itself and other organ tissues. It is recognized that adipose tissue is not only a place to store fat, but also an important endocrine tissue.]]> 2019-08-22 08:36:26 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/376273786 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/395992284 Histone methylation modification is a reversible dynamic regulation process. Methylation and/or demethylation status is closely related to epigenetics, transcriptional regulation, and maintenance of genomic integrity. Abnormalities in histone methylation status directly or indirectly affect various physiological and pathological processes.]]> 2019-10-10 07:15:37 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/395992284 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/395992555 Aurora kinase is an important class of serine/threonine kinases responsible for the regulation of cell mitosis. In different model organisms, the structural and functional parts of members of the Aurora kinase family are highly conserved. In recent years, with the deepening of research on Aurora kinase, people have gradually recognized the important functions of Aurora kinase in cell mitosis and tumor formation.]]> 2019-10-10 07:16:28 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/395992555 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/395992783 Resistin is a cysteine-rich secreted protein present in plasma and belongs to resistin-like molecules (RELMs), also known as members of the family of FIZZs (found in inflammatory zone). Rodent resistin is secreted exclusively by adipocytes; whereas human resistin is expressed primarily in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and is increased in expression upon differentiation into macrophages.]]> 2019-10-10 07:17:01 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/395992783 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/395992978 DNA and histones (H2A, H2B, H3, H4, H1) and some other proteins are combined and repeatedly folded and entangled to form a concentrated chromosome. Epigenetic modifications usually include DNA methylation and histone modification and RNA modification, while histone modifications include histone acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, and ubiquitination. Most of the modifications are located at the N-terminus of histones.]]> 2019-10-10 07:17:46 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/395992978 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/395993213 Post-translational modifications play an important role in cells, such as DNA recognition, protein-protein interactions, catalytic activity, and protein stability. Protein acetylation/deacetylation is a histone covalent modification that is mainly catalyzed by histone acetylase and histone deacetylase, respectively.]]> 2019-10-10 07:18:20 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/395993213 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/395993497 Base excision repair (BER) corrects small base lesions that do not significantly distort the DNA helix structure. It is initiated by a DNA glycosylase that recognizes and removes the damaged base, leaving an abasic site which is further processed by short-patch repair or long-patch repair. Short-patch repair or long-patch repair largely uses different proteins to complete BER. BER may take place in nuclei or mitochondria, largely using different isoforms of proteins or genetically distant proteins.

]]> 2019-10-10 07:19:02 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/395993497 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/395993774 Homologous recombination (HR), the exchange of genetic information between allelic sequences, is a mechanism that repairs a variety of DNA lesions, including double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs), single-strand DNA gaps and interstrand crosslinks. HR is important both for repairing DNA lesions in mitosis and for chromosomal pairing and exchange during meiosis.]]> 2019-10-10 07:19:56 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/395993774 https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/395994163 DNA mismatch repair (MMR) recognizes and repairs erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, and repair some forms of DNA damage. It plays an important role in maintaining genomic stability and cellular homeostasis.

]]> 2019-10-10 07:20:41 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/395994163 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/412552586 Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels due to the development of existing capillaries and postcapillary veins. The first vessels in the developing embryo form through vasculogenesis, after which angiogenesis is responsible for most, if not all, blood vessel growth during development and in disease.]]> 2019-11-18 07:48:03 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/412552586 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/412554777 Atherosclerosis is the most common type of vascular disease; it starts from the lesion of intima. Generally, there are lipid and complex carbohydrate accumulation, hemorrhage and thrombosis, fibrous tissue hyperplasia and calcinosis, and gradual metamorphosis and calcification of the middle layer of the artery.]]> 2019-11-18 07:55:11 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/412554777 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/412554985 Bioactive lipids in the human body mainly refer to eicosanoids. It is a large class of biologically active unsaturated fatty acids produced by the oxidation of twenty carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids. It is an important inflammatory factor widely present in body fluids and tissues, regulating many physiological and pathological processes in the body.

]]> 2019-11-18 07:55:56 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/412554985 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/412555195 Under normal physiological conditions, the fluctuation of human blood pressure is characterized by a near-day rhythm (or circadian rhythm). As body position changes, exercise, and digests food, blood pressure levels are constantly changing, even when sleeping at night. Blood pressure generally peaks after resumes activity in the morning, and then falls to a trough at 2 to 5 before dawn.]]> 2019-11-18 07:56:42 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/412555195 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/412555445 Blood coagulation is the process that blood changes from a flowing liquid state to a non-flowing jelly-like clot. This is a process of limited hydrolysis of a series of proteins involved by coagulation factors. The key process of blood coagulation is the conversion of fibrinogen in plasma to insoluble fibrin.]]> 2019-11-18 07:57:29 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/412555445 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/412555678 Cardiovascular disease, also known as circulatory disease, is a series of diseases involving the circulatory system. The circulatory system refers to the organs and tissues that transport blood in the human body, including the heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, and microvessels), which can be subdivided into acute and chronic, generally associated with arteriosclerosis.]]> 2019-11-18 07:58:08 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/412555678 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/412559418 Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a kind of macromolecular substance synthesized and secreted by fibroblasts, mesenchymal cells and epithelial cells and the like. Extracellular matrix is mainly divided into four large categories: collagen, non-collagen glycoprotein, proteoglycan and elastin.]]> 2019-11-18 08:11:27 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/412559418 thomas_schmitt_m https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/412559870 Hormones are a highly effective biologically active substance secreted by endocrine glands or endocrine cells, which act as a messenger in the body to regulate the physiological processes of the body. It plays an important role in regulating the body's metabolism, growth, development, reproduction, gender and so on. The secretion of hormones is extremely small, at the level of nanograms, but its regulation is extremely obvious.]]> 2019-11-18 08:13:08 UTC https://padlet.com/thomas_schmitt_m/ox75ppt4t8e7/wish/412559870