for the study of selected discrete traits , de Vries conceived of organisms to be composed of discrete  traits. This introduced into Genetic Research the dialectics of reductive analysis of genes as instrumental variables versus that of genes as the material atoms of heredity. The latter conception gain support with the analysis of mutations and eventually with high resolution analysis at the genetic and bio-chemical levels, as achieved in fungi and later in bacteria and their viruses. Attempts to reduce “Classical “ genetics to “Molecular” genetics turned out to be futile . However, this did not necessarily imply that these were to distinct theoretical approaches. On the contrary, it is argued that molecular genetics is an extension of phenomenological deduction, rather  than being induction from molecular (DNA) causes to affects. Although conceptually systems direct development, methodologically individual inputs must be studied.

Genes are the chemical blueprints that determine an organism's traits. Moving genes from one organism to another transfers those traits. Through genetic engineering, organisms can be given targeted combinations of new genes—and therefore new combinations of traits—that do not occur in nature and, indeed, cannot be developed by natural means. Such an approach is different from classical plant and animal breeding, which operates through selection across many generations for traits of interest. Classical breeding operates on traits, only indirectly selecting genes, whereas biotechnology targets genes, attempting to influence traits.  The potential of biotechnology is to rapidly accelerate the rate of progress and efficiency of breeding.

Q2) What are the achievements of the author also state his name?

Q3) What is the scope of Molecular Genetics in the coming future?

A2) The above journal's author's name is C.H.Waddington.

A3)Scope of Genetic engineering is increasing as per the Author's survey or rather the work says; some helpful techniques as mentioned can help couples to have babies with minimum or zero level deformities.

A2)The auother name is Raphael Falk and he made a lot of analysis on genenitics,he studied philosoph on biology.

A3)The emergence of molecular genetics has revolutionised large areas of modern biological and biochemical research work and has had a huge impact on the biotechnology industry. 
Molecular genetics is concerned with the development of biochemical and genetic techniques for handling the complex nucleic acids that constitute genetic materialMolecular genetics is not only the most rapidly developing biological science of this decade, but looks set to be the most promising and exciting science of the next few decades.

2)Who is the Author of the Journal?

3)What is the scope of Genetic Engineering in coming future?

I visited library to find another book relate to Genetic Engineering like:

2) Beyond Biotechnology: 

The Barren Promise of Genetic Engineering 

By Craig Holdrege; Steve Talbott. and 

3)The Hope, Hype & Reality of Genetic Engineering: Remarkable Stories from Agriculture, Industry, Medicine, and the Environment 

By John C. Avise.

2) Book i used for reference:

Genetics and Molecular Biology - Dr. Robert Schleif 

2)molecular genetics - concepts and development by Sandhya mitra.

3)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5hqTiZ41QY

4)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M568QP1K3sM

5)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo0CSa1LZ8U

6)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJyUtbn0O5Y

7)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GkdRdik73kU

8)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNcFTRX9i0Y

Eugenics: 

A Social philosophy advocating the improvement of human genetic traits through the promotion of higher rates of sexual reproduction for people with desired traits (positive eugenics), or reduced rates of sexual reproduction and sterilization of people with less-desired or undesired traits (negative eugenics), or both.

Phenylketoneuria: 

It is an inborn error of metabolism involving impaired metabolism of Phenylalanine, one of the Amino Acids

Mosaic Hybrid: 

After the Fusion of Eggs they are able to rear normal healthy adults, which are built up of cells coming from the two different strains. Such an animal is known as a 'Mosaic-Hybrid', because its body is a mosaic of one type of cell mixed in with the other type

Genetic Clone:  

Genetical identical copy of a human being formed using artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissue i.e intermixing of DNA's and RNA's of 2 different bodies..

2) What are the disadvantages of Genetic Cloning?

3) Is it possible to treat all infections by Gene Alteration?

4) Is there any neural scheme in human body like it is designed in Robots?

a)agree

b)completely agree

c)neutral

d)disagree

e)completely disagree

2)which technique in molecular genitics plays an crucial role

a)amplification

b) separation

c)detection

3)molecular genetics helps in understanding devolepmental biology?

a)yes

b)no

4) In human genome project which achievement do you find most important ?

a)Identifying 20,000 to 25,000 genes in human DNA?

b)determining sequences of chemical base pairs in human DNA?

c)storing all found information into databases?

d)improving the tools used for data analysis

5.Can classical genetics be reduced to molecular genetics?

a)yes

b)no

a division or contrast between two things that are or are represented as being opposed or entirely different.

2.Heuristics

It is any approach to problem solving, learning, or discovery that employs a practical method not guaranteed to be optimal.

3.Ontology

ontology is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categeories of being and their relations. Traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics.

4)Drosophilia 

 Drosophilia is a genus of small files, belonging to the familydrosophiliadie, whose members are often called "fruit flies" or (less frequently) pomace flies, vinegarflies, or wineflies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit.

1) Agriculture: 

To create genetically-modified crops or genetically-modified organisms.

2) Transforming microorganisms :

Microorganisms like bacteria or yeast, or insect mammalian cells with a gene coding for a useful protein.

3) In Medicine:

Genetic engineering has been used to mass-produce insulin, human growth hormones, follistim (for treating infertility), human albumin, monoclonal antibodies, antihemophilic factors, vaccines, and many other drugs.

4) Interferon: 

A Hormone used to eliminate certain viruses and kill cancer cells, also is a product of genetic engineering, as are tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase, which are used to dissolve blood clots.

Source: Boundless. “Applications of Genetic Engineering.” Boundless Microbiology. Boundless, 21 Jul. 2015. Retrieved 05 Oct. 2015 from https://www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/microbial-genetics-7/genetic-engineering-products-93/applications-of-genetic-engineering-498-6642/

If GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms) Area a Cause for Concern, Should We Ever Genetically Engineer a Human Being? A genetically-modified organism (GMO) is something that was developed in a laboratory setting. When creating a GMO, the genetic material from one species is forced into the DNA of an unrelated plant or animal. If the research behind GM food has taught us anything, it is that a lot of unforeseen problems can emerge once we begin tinkering with genetics.

So, therefore in the nearer future we can assume the fact that Genetic Engineering might lead us to success provided all the problems related to it are tackled one by one but the facts are clear as per the researches of Sir C.H.Waddington and Sir jacques Cohen that in the future maybe we ll be surrounded more by Genetically Engineered babies whose genes would have been altered in such a manner that they will not have any single flaw;or rather they ll be better than us since they are programmed in that way.

1) surfed through the internet to find data related to stem cells.

2)got a lot of help from articles and journals present on net

3)got to know a lot about recent research in this field thanks to google news

1) http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/SCCAA.S48423

2) http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/SCCAA.S28500

3) stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/pages/basics1.aspx

4) www.pewforum.org

5) http://www.eurostemcell.org/

6) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell

7) https://www.stemcyte.com/why-save-cord-blood/how-stem-cells-work/

Mesenchymal stem cells, or MSCs, are multi potentstromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types.

Scaffolding is a technique supported by model view controller field , in which the programmer can specify how the application database may be used.

Osteoinduction involves the stimulation of osteoprogenitor cells to differentiate into osteoblasts that then begin new bone formation.

Clonogenicity

1.The ability of a cell to form clones

2.The degree to which a cell can form clones

Periosteumis a membrane that covers the outer surface of allbones.

Chondrocytes are the only cells found in health cartilage. They produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen.

Geriatrics is a specialty that focuses on health care of elderly people.

2. There are over 130 public cord blood banks in 35 countries; They are regulated by Governments and adhere to internationally agreed safety, quality and ethical standards

3. The nearest scientists have come to identifying a human blood stem cell: this cell has certain characteristics that suggest it may be a blood stem cell

4. A number of blood disorders are already treated using cord blood cells.

Stem cells may help us understand how a complex organism develops from a fertilized egg. Some of the most serious medical conditions, such as cancer and birth defects, are due to abnormal cell division and differentiation. A better understanding of the genetic and molecular controls of these processes may yield information about how such diseases arise and suggest new strategies for therapy.

2. Stem cells have the ability to replace damaged cells and treat disease

This property is already used in the treatment of extensive burns, and to restore the blood system in patients with leukaemia and other blood disorders. Stem cells, if they can be directed to differentiate into specific cell types, offer the possibility of a renewable source of replacement cells and tissues to treat diseases including Parkinson's, stroke, heart disease and diabetes.

3. Stem cells could be used to study disease

Stem cells, either carrying the disease gene or engineered to contain disease genes, offer a viable alternative. Scientists could use stem cells to model disease processes in the laboratory, and better understand what goes wrong.

4. Stem cells could provide a resource for testing new medical treatments 

New medications could be tested for safety on specialized cells generated in large numbers from stem cell lines – reducing the need for animaltesting.

2. According to me the treatment of diseases with the help of stem cells is the area that has the maximum potential. The reason is nothing more than need ,need to improve health conditions, need to increase life expectancy.

The past decade of advances in molecular genetic technology has heralded a new era for all evolutionary studies, but especially the science of human evolution. Data on various kinds of DNA variation in human populations have rapidly accumulated. There is increasing recognition of the importance of this variation for medicine and developmental biology and for understanding the history of our species. Haploid markers from mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome have proven invaluable for generating a standard model for evolution of modern humans.

2.Application in gene therapy:

A mutation in a gene can result in a severe medical condition. A protein encoded by a mutated gene may malfunction and cells that rely on the protein might therefore fail to function properly. This can cause problems for specific tissues or organs, or for the entire body. This might manifest through the course of developrment  or as an abnormal response to stimuli . Conditions related to gene mutations are called genetic disorders. One way to fix such a physiological problem is gene therapy. By adding a corrected copy of the gene, a functional form of the protein can be produced, and affected cells, tissues, and organs may work properly. As opposed to drug-based approaches, gene therapy repairs the underlying genetic defect.

3.Application in forward genitics:

One of the first tools available to molecular geneticists is the forward genitic screen. The aim of this technique is to identify mutations that produce a certain phenotype. Amutagen is very often used to accelerate this process. Once mutants have been isolated, the mutated genes can be molecularly identified.

Forward saturation genetics is a method for treating organisms with a mutagen, then screens the organism's offspring for particular phenotypes. This type of genetic screening is used to find and identify all the genes involved in a trait.

Just as cells repair DNA, they must also maintain the proteome by managing damaged proteins. Heat stress denaturates proteins, causing weakening of polar bonds and exposure of hydrophobic groups. The cellular stress response (heat-shock response) protects organisms from damage resulting from environmental stressors such as heat, UV light, trace metals, and xenobiotics. Stress genes are activated to rapidly synthesize stress proteins, which are highly conserved in biologial evolutiom and play similar roles in organisms from bacteria to humans. Normally, several constitutive stress proteins are present at low levels to function as molecular chromosomes, so as to facilitate folding, assembly, and distribution of newly synthesized proteins. For the environmentally stressed cell, stress proteins protect and repair vulnerable protein targets, and play a role in the lysomal and ubicutin protein degradation pathways (for removal of unsalvageable proteins). Thus, the cellular stress response performs orchestrated induction of key proteins necessary for cellular protein repair and degradation systems.