Stem Cells in Medicine by Heather Murray https://padlet.com/hglenville/oqq54ipthea0380i Find an article that discusses a way that stem cells are being used in medicine. Summarize your article. Post an image and the link to your article. en-us 2022-04-01 14:54:15 UTC 2022-05-25 00:59:54 UTC hello@padlet.com Parkinson's Disease - Matthias https://padlet.com/hglenville/oqq54ipthea0380i/wish/2128725385 Link: https://www.dvcstem.com/post/stem-cell-therapy-for-parkinsons#:~:text=Stem%20cell%20therapy%20may%20be,which%20may%20help%20neurological%20conditions. 

Stem cells are used in medicine to treat a wide variety of diseases and illnesses. A specific example is Parkinson's Disease. Parkinson's Disease is a degenerative nerve condition that affects one's movement. The symptoms are gradually increasing tremors, and possibly affected speaking and movement abilities. The cause for this disease is a loss (or deterioration) of dopamine-producing nerve cells in the brain, which leads to losing the ability to effectively control movement. It is believed environmental and genetic factors are an underlying cause.

Stem cell uses:
Stem cell therapy may have the benefit of replacing and repairing damaged nerve cells within the brain. This has been proven through a study conducted by Neelam K.Venkataramana and colleagues. This study tested unilateral transplantation of autologous bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. 38% of patients found an improvement in their disease (judged on a unified disease rating scale) after 36 months.

Type of stem cell:
The type of stem cell used to treat Parkinson's Disease are mesenchymal stem cells because of their self-renewal, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and differentiation properties. They adult stem cells and not sourced from embryonic material. These cells are sourced from a variety of tissue including fat, bone marrow, umbilical cord tissue, blood, liver, dental pulp, and skin.

Ethical considerations:
There are no ethical considerations with this experiment because the stem cells that are used are adult stem cells. Throughout the trial, no serious adverse events occurred.]]> 2022-04-04 14:08:24 UTC https://padlet.com/hglenville/oqq54ipthea0380i/wish/2128725385 Lymphoma - Rebecca https://padlet.com/hglenville/oqq54ipthea0380i/wish/2128728243 https://lymphoma-action.org.uk/about-lymphoma-treatment-lymphoma/stem-cell-transplants#:~:text=In%20an%20autologous%20stem%20cell,and%20given%20back%20to%20you.
 
Lymphoma is cancer in the immune system and affects lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and other parts of the body. 

Lymphoma is treated using chemotherapy which affects blood cells that are dividing. This can lead to dangerous side effects, like low white blood cell count. Chemotherapy also takes longer because they have to lower the dose or treat the patient less often. Typically there are rest periods to reduce side effects but lymphoma needs to be treated using high doses. 

A stem cell transplant is used so the chemotherapy can be used effectively in higher doses. The stem cells allow for bone marrow and cells to recover properly. Allogenic cell transplant is when you use a donor, which can even create a "new" immune system that could help fight the lymphoma better. A stem cell transplant is used when the lymphoma has relapsed or is likely to relapse or if it doesn't respond to other treatments. There is no guarantee that the treatment is going to work. The success rate is 15%-30% depending on the type of lymphoma. 

Type of stem cell:
Adult stem cell

Ethics:
There are no ethical issues. ]]> 2022-04-04 14:09:48 UTC https://padlet.com/hglenville/oqq54ipthea0380i/wish/2128728243 Diabetes - Stephen swei8 https://padlet.com/hglenville/oqq54ipthea0380i/wish/2128757789 https://www.closerlookatstemcells.org/stem-cells-medicine/diabetes/

At its most basic, diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot regulate or properly use sugar (called glucose) in the blood. 

Stem cells are being used for ongoing research to help us explore the intricate ways in which our bodies process sugar and answer some important questions about the root causes. 

There has been great progress in the process of generating beta cells from embryonic stem cells. Beta cells are the cells that make insulin. In type 1 diabetes, those beta cells are being destroyed, which is causing the insufficient glucose levels. In summary, embryonic stem cells are rapidly replacing beta cells after the body mistakingly destroys it. Due to stem cells and beta cells, cases of diabetes can be diagnosed sooner, and an overall more effective treatment of diabetes. ]]> 2022-04-04 14:23:42 UTC https://padlet.com/hglenville/oqq54ipthea0380i/wish/2128757789 Neuroblastoma-Vivian https://padlet.com/hglenville/oqq54ipthea0380i/wish/2128777283 https://www.cancer.org/cancer/neuroblastoma/treating/high-dose-chemo-radiation.html
Disease:
Neuroblastoma is a cancer that develops from immature nerve cells found in several areas of the body.
Neuroblastoma most commonly arises in and around the adrenal glands. However, neuroblastoma can also develop in other areas , where groups of nerve cells exist.
Neuroblastoma most commonly affects children age 5 or younger, though it may rarely occur in older children.

Stem cells are being used:
Patients' own stem cells are collected and used for the transplant, like embryonic stem cells.
Patients will have a special kind of central venous catheter put in place so the stem cells can be collected during a process called apheresis. 

How the stem cells are used:
The child gets high-dose chemo first. This destroys the cancer cells in the body, as well as the normal cells in the bone marrow. 
After the chemo, the frozen stem cells are thawed and given as a blood transfusion. The stem cells travel through the bloodstream and settle in the child’s bone marrow.
Usually within a couple of weeks, the stem cells begin making new white blood cells. Soon after, they will start making new red blood cells and platelets. 

Disorder:
  • Low blood cell counts (with fatigue and increased risk of infection and bleeding)
  • Nausea and vomiting

Ethical consideration:
There are some ethical consideration, until new blood cells are made, the child is at high risk of infection because of a low white blood cell count, as well as bleeding because of a low platelet count. 

]]> 2022-04-04 14:32:10 UTC https://padlet.com/hglenville/oqq54ipthea0380i/wish/2128777283 Alzheimer's Disease - Emmerson https://padlet.com/hglenville/oqq54ipthea0380i/wish/2128779047 https://www.dvcstem.com/post/stem-cell-therapy-for-alzheimers 

Alzheimer’s disease
- Causes the brain to shrink and kills brain cells
- decline in thinking, behaviour, and social skills
- symptoms= memory loss
- causes= brain proteins fail to function normally, neurons are damaged, lose connection, and eventually die


  • Systemic introduction of mesenchymal stem cells into the body through IV
    • mesenchymal stem cells: multipotent adult stem cells that are present in multiple tissues, including umbilical cord, bone marrow and fat tissue
  • When these stem cells enter the body in large amounts, they are able to target inflammation in the body and repair it
  • This treatment may be able to: improve memory, regenerate neurons, improve functional recovery, and replace damaged cells
  • By taking and expanding the number of healthy stem cells, doctors can regenerate and substitute damaged or dead brain cells with new stem cells
]]> 2022-04-04 14:32:57 UTC https://padlet.com/hglenville/oqq54ipthea0380i/wish/2128779047 Stroke - Ella https://padlet.com/hglenville/oqq54ipthea0380i/wish/2128792791 https://www.dvcstem.com/post/stem-cell-therapy-stroke#:~:text=Stem%20cells%20are%20a%20promising,body%20and%20brain%20post%2Dstroke.. 

A stroke is caused by a blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or leaking or bursting of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke).

An embryonic-derived neural stem cell is injected into the brain. The patients had 6 months to 5-years after suffering a stroke. The stem cells replace the damaged cells within the brain and regulate the immune system to prevent further damage to the body and brain post-stroke. The stem cells can also help with stroke recovery. 

These functions make stem cell therapy for stroke survivors a valuable alternative therapy option. It is non-invasive but there are some patients that are not totally evaluated and have also had no long-term follow up. ]]> 2022-04-04 14:39:32 UTC https://padlet.com/hglenville/oqq54ipthea0380i/wish/2128792791 Cardiovascular Disease - Noah https://padlet.com/hglenville/oqq54ipthea0380i/wish/2128801360 Link:
https://www.closerlookatstemcells.org/stem-cells-medicine/heart-disease/
Disease:
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in both men and women around the world, claiming the lives of more than 17 million people each year. For doctors and researchers alike, the effects of acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) and congestive heart failure pose significant concerns. The heart muscle is damaged during a heart attack, making it less efficient in pumping blood throughout the body. Because the heart has a limited ability to recover, scar tissue replaces the missing muscle. This results in decreased cardiac function, which frequently leads to heart failure, in which the heart is unable to meet the body's need for blood flow.
Treat with stem cell:
Researchers are harnessing stem cells to boost cardiac health in two ways. To begin, stem cells are being transformed into "heart muscle in a dish." If a patient's heart illness is caused by genetic factors, their stem cell-derived heart muscle will also be affected, and this heart muscle can be utilised to test novel medications. Second, stem cells can be used to replace cardiac tissue that has been injured. Researchers seek to use cellular therapy to repair or replace cardiac tissue that has been destroyed by congestive heart failure and heart attacks. Unlike the treatments outlined above, cellular therapy, rather than symptom-focused treatment, could provide a long-term solution for heart deficiencies.]]> 2022-04-04 14:43:31 UTC https://padlet.com/hglenville/oqq54ipthea0380i/wish/2128801360 Heart Disease-Carmen https://padlet.com/hglenville/oqq54ipthea0380i/wish/2128812940 Link to article: https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/repairing-the-heart-with-stem-cells

Summary of the article: The stem cell had been found that could be used for repairing died artery and scar issues which caused by heart attack. Stem cells has potential to grow into various types of heart cell types to repair   and regenerate the damaged  heart tissues as well as reduce the amount of scar tissue. 
-Heart disease:The heart muscle relies on a steady flow of oxygen-rich blood to nourish it and keep it pumping. During a heart attack, that blood flow is interrupted by a blockage in an artery. Without blood, the area of heart fed by the affected artery begins to die and scar tissue forms in the area. Over time, this damage can lead to heart failure, especially when one heart attack comes after another.

-How stem cells can be used in the treatment: The stem cells, which are often taken from bone marrow, may be inserted into the heart using a catheter. Once in place, stem cells help regenerate damaged heart tissue.

-Risks: Like any other therapy, injecting stem cells into the heart can fail or cause side effects. If the stem cells are taken from an unrelated donor, the body's immune system may reject them. And if the injected cells can't communicate with the heart's finely tuned electrical system, they may produce dangerous heart rhythms.


]]> 2022-04-04 14:48:49 UTC https://padlet.com/hglenville/oqq54ipthea0380i/wish/2128812940 Leukaemia - Conrad https://padlet.com/hglenville/oqq54ipthea0380i/wish/2128850068 https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/acute-myelogenous-leukemia-aml/treatment/stem-cell-transplant
Leukaemia is a cancer in your bones that overgrows your bone marrow, preventing your from making healthy blood cells. the treatment to this is to put healthy stem cells into your bones to replace the jobs of your stem cells. The stem cells are made into blood cells that renders the leukaemia more or less useless. This treats the patient until chemotherapy removes the cancer.]]> 2022-04-04 15:05:42 UTC https://padlet.com/hglenville/oqq54ipthea0380i/wish/2128850068