Week 9 by

theodn5 — 2024-02-26 18:38:04 UTC

Can be transmitted through skin to skin contact in rare cases

ariyanad1 — 2024-02-26 18:38:17 UTC

the bacteria usually infects the lungs

Mainly targets the lungs

ctruong5_1 — 2024-02-26 18:38:19 UTC

delder10 — 2024-02-26 18:38:20 UTC

Requires long exposure for infection to occur

2024-02-26 18:38:31 UTC

Affects the lungs

it can become latent in immunocompetent hosts, but dissemination of the bacteria can occur in immunocompromised hosts

hho3_3 — 2024-02-26 18:38:32 UTC

jacqum3 — 2024-02-26 18:38:32 UTC

Not very common anymore

2024-02-26 18:38:34 UTC

it can lead to long lasting damage in the lungs

shreem03 — 2024-02-26 18:38:37 UTC

Bacterial disease that spreads in the lungs

2024-02-26 18:38:46 UTC

typically characterized by a specific type of cough, can lay dormant for a long time until infection starts

2024-02-26 18:38:46 UTC

A bacterial infection that negatively impacts the lungs

katyn5 — 2024-02-26 18:38:46 UTC

can be tested for by 2 step skin test or blood test

ilydst — 2024-02-26 18:38:48 UTC

Severe respiratory infection that mainly affects the lungs

can23 — 2024-02-26 18:38:50 UTC

It infects the lungs. There are drug resistant strains of TB.

2024-02-26 18:38:52 UTC

It can be very dangerous for individuals to be around others who also have tuberculosis.

2024-02-26 18:38:53 UTC

It's a bacterial disease that has killed many. In the past, people with Tb were sent to sanatoriums.

scaisley — 2024-02-26 18:38:55 UTC

targets dendritic cells and macrophages in the lungs

can spread to other areas of the body like the spine
forms antibiotic resistance quite rapidly
some forms are resistant to all available antibiotics
affects about 1/3 of the global population

Most important disease in human history

2024-02-26 18:38:58 UTC

can be undetected by the immune system

2024-02-26 18:39:02 UTC

more common in asian countries

katyn5 — 2024-02-26 18:39:03 UTC

abbyerog — 2024-02-26 18:39:06 UTC

Old vampire myths come from the way tuberculosis slowly causes a patient to deteriorate (a specific famous tb case inspired the gradual death of Lucy in the novel Dracula)

2024-02-26 18:39:09 UTC

A bacterial infection of the lungs

2024-02-26 18:39:12 UTC

Mostly affects the lungs and caused by a type of bacteria. It is also spread through the air.

2024-02-26 18:39:14 UTC

Tuberculosis involves infection of the lungs

abbyerog — 2024-02-26 18:39:35 UTC

If someone has TB it can survive for years undetected and is mostly impossible to completely clear

Creation of granulomas in the lungs

2024-02-26 18:39:36 UTC

2024-02-26 18:40:00 UTC

TB infection can be detected through blood and skin tests.

alice041 — 2024-02-26 18:40:00 UTC

most hospitals want you to test for tb before working

Reactivation causes dramatic disease

2024-02-26 18:40:02 UTC

2024-02-26 18:40:21 UTC

Tuberculosis attacks the lungs, and was a very serious illness/very prevalent in the past. The development of a vaccine has helped eradicate it in some parts of the world

shanson3_1 — 2024-02-26 18:40:23 UTC

Latent infections are possible, and public health measures may include employers requiring TB tests

Caused by 2 pathogens

2024-02-26 18:40:26 UTC

cleary9_1 — 2024-02-26 18:40:46 UTC

Mostly affects the lungs. Not as prevelant as it used to be due to vaccines

Spread through the lymphatic system to created disseminated disease

2024-02-26 18:40:56 UTC

2024-02-26 18:41:26 UTC

Was called consumption in the 1800s due to substantial weight loss as a common symptom

Massive ABX resistance due to slow replication

2024-02-26 18:41:30 UTC

zhuorh3 — 2024-02-26 18:45:09 UTC

affect the lungs

delder10 — 2024-02-26 19:19:41 UTC

Provide a steady stream of immune cells for Mtb to replicate inside of

delder10 — 2024-02-26 19:20:50 UTC

If the granuloma doesn’t break, it keeps the bacteria from spreading throughout the body and to other people

2024-02-26 19:26:17 UTC

Provide a 'hub' of cells for MTb to replicate in

scaisley — 2024-02-26 19:26:28 UTC

Since TB infects macrophages, the constant accumulation of them in one place makes infection of many macrophages much easier.

scaisley — 2024-02-26 19:27:04 UTC

Barring any burst of the granuloma, the structure keeps the bacteria pretty well contained within one spot, preventing spread to other parts of the body.

abbyerog — 2024-02-26 19:27:07 UTC

Provide safe space for TB to replicate without exposure to outside toxins/harmful materials

2024-02-26 19:27:15 UTC

Isolated granulomas can prevent the spread of MTb throughout the body

allows the replication of MTb

hho3_3 — 2024-02-26 19:27:17 UTC

2024-02-26 19:27:30 UTC

Provides a good space and available cells for the infection to spread

2024-02-26 19:27:32 UTC

Constant stream of nutrients and hosts for replication

Provides a safe place to nourish and reproduce to spread to tother parts of the body

2024-02-26 19:27:33 UTC

They help provide an area for MTb to grow and replicate without interfering with molecules that could harm or kill them.

granulomas can contain MTb provided that they don't break

hho3_3 — 2024-02-26 19:27:33 UTC

jacqum3 — 2024-02-26 19:27:36 UTC

Provides safe area to reproduce

theodn5 — 2024-02-26 19:27:37 UTC

They function as bases for the MTb to replicate and grow while being protected/fed by infected cells

abbyerog — 2024-02-26 19:27:37 UTC

As long as the granuloma is kept stable TB can't exit to infect more critical cells like tissue in the lungs

ariyanad1 — 2024-02-26 19:27:39 UTC

Granulomas create an environment where MTb can survive

2024-02-26 19:27:45 UTC

If/when apoptotic macrophages cause a rupture, then the Mtb can spread to other places in the body, and be transmitted to other hosts as well.

jacqum3 — 2024-02-26 19:27:46 UTC

Keeps the infection contained

2024-02-26 19:27:54 UTC

Keeps the bacteria contained if it does not burst

2024-02-26 19:27:56 UTC

Granulomas allow MTb to replicate safely and "freely".

theodn5 — 2024-02-26 19:28:03 UTC

They can keep the bacteria isolated from the rest of the body preventing spread provided the granuloma stays intact

shreem03 — 2024-02-26 19:28:06 UTC

Allows the spread of infection

2024-02-26 19:28:15 UTC

If the granuloma doesn’t break, it’s a good protective barrier to prevent the infection from being available within the body

ilydst — 2024-02-26 19:28:16 UTC

Granulomas provide a concentrated space for replication of the pathogen to occur

ariyanad1 — 2024-02-26 19:28:18 UTC

Granulomas recruit monocytes and lymphocytes

2024-02-26 19:28:18 UTC

it keeps all of the bacteria isolated and contained, preventing it from spreading elsewhere

can23 — 2024-02-26 19:28:19 UTC

The granuloma keeps the Mtb contained and prevents it from spreading to the rest of the body.

Prevents the spread of TB if the immune system can safely isolates Mtb.

2024-02-26 19:28:20 UTC

2024-02-26 19:28:21 UTC

Granulomas can contain MTb and stop the spread of infection.

2024-02-26 19:28:21 UTC

It provides a secure place for the infection to replicate and spread due to the nutrient availability inside

2024-02-26 19:28:23 UTC

Granulomas provide a somewhat safe space for MTb to replicate inside of until enough has accumulated that it can break down the fibrous cuff and rupture the granule, spreading more efficiently to the rest of the body (strength in numbers)

zhuorh3 — 2024-02-26 19:28:29 UTC

Provide space for TB to replicate

shreem03 — 2024-02-26 19:28:32 UTC

Isolates the bacteria and keeps them for spreading

ilydst — 2024-02-26 19:28:39 UTC

Allows for a concentrated infection of the pathogen unless the granuloma breaks open

2024-02-26 19:28:39 UTC

Provides an environment and ideal space for reproduction

2024-02-26 19:28:41 UTC

Granulomas keep the infection contained.

2024-02-26 19:28:42 UTC

Granulomas allow the Mtb to stay in one place and not affect the body, aka no symptoms.

zhuorh3 — 2024-02-26 19:28:59 UTC

Isolates and keeps spreading

2024-02-26 19:29:10 UTC

Prevents the spread of TB through containment

2024-02-26 19:29:30 UTC

It keeps the infection/bacterium contained.

cleary9_1 — 2024-02-26 19:29:31 UTC

The host's immune response can keep the granulomas contained which is helpful to prevent spread to the rest of the body compared to if mtb wasn't in granulomas.

2024-02-26 19:29:37 UTC

Granulomas are advantageous for the host because they prevent the spread of MTb to the rest of the body if the fibrous cuff is maintained, and they can keep the infection dormant for a long time.

Can provide a safe space to allow replication and survival

ctruong5_1 — 2024-02-26 19:29:47 UTC

2024-02-26 19:29:55 UTC

It can help MTb spread and grow in a single specific place.

shanson3_1 — 2024-02-26 19:30:35 UTC

The surrounding recruited immune cells provide hosts for the pathogen to replicate inside of

2024-02-26 19:30:47 UTC

They can help greatly confine MTb to a single source, and prevent it from spreading.

Granulomas can prevent the spread by isolation

ctruong5_1 — 2024-02-26 19:31:09 UTC

shanson3_1 — 2024-02-26 19:31:15 UTC

The MTb pathogen is encased in a limited area, (temporarily) preventing it from spreading throughout the body

2024-02-26 19:39:54 UTC

Determine which drugs are most effective for treatment so as to not prolong it

scaisley — 2024-02-26 19:39:57 UTC

Want to ensure that the person is receiving the types of antibiotics that will actually kill the bacteria, making sure the bacteria aren't resistant to the prescribed treatment.

katyn5 — 2024-02-26 19:40:00 UTC

see which drugs the patient is resistant to. treat them with the drugs that are effective

abbyerog — 2024-02-26 19:40:08 UTC

TB is an incredibly difficult disease to live with, so making sure the treatment being used will actually be effective helps ensure essential time isn't being wasted on a treatment that doesn't work

theodn5 — 2024-02-26 19:40:10 UTC

Detecting the susceptibility can streamline treatment and make recovery faster, cheaper, and less likely to negatively impact antibiotic resistance

2024-02-26 19:40:12 UTC

Gives a gauge to the person on what to be concerned about. Aware of the likelihood of infection/progression ?

2024-02-26 19:40:12 UTC

Determines which drugs can kill TB

2024-02-26 19:40:18 UTC

To ensure that the bacteria is not resistant to the antibiotics so that effective treatment is given

2024-02-26 19:40:21 UTC

To see which antibiotics will be effective vs the ones that will have no effect.

delder10 — 2024-02-26 19:40:25 UTC

Due to tb being slow growing, the ability for it become immune to ABx is very likely

2024-02-26 19:40:27 UTC

Determining effectively and resistance of various antibiotic treatments

shreem03 — 2024-02-26 19:40:27 UTC

To determine the effectiveness of a drug

ilydst — 2024-02-26 19:40:32 UTC

This is done so that the resistance of TB to specific antibiotics can be evaluated. This allows for the narrowing down of which antibiotics would be effective treatment options

See which drug is most useful to the patient. Don't want antibiotic resistance by using top-of-the-line drugs.

2024-02-26 19:40:37 UTC

2024-02-26 19:40:42 UTC

To see which drug will actually kill the bacteria itself. So, the patient is receiving a long treatment of antibiotics that is not doing anything to the bacteria

2024-02-26 19:40:42 UTC

This is checking for resistance- if the strain of MTb that you have is resistant to the most common antibiotic, then it would make no sense to use that kind of antibiotic in your treatment plan

2024-02-26 19:40:51 UTC

It’s important to check whether the bacteria is resistant to certain drugs to see if treatment would even be successful.

2024-02-26 19:40:52 UTC

To identify which drugs the bacteria is suspectible to, for effective and efficient treatment.

To make sure which drug are more effective against Tb than the drug-resistant ones.

ctruong5_1 — 2024-02-26 19:41:04 UTC

shanson3_1 — 2024-02-26 19:41:14 UTC

Testing drug susceptibility minimizes changes of the survival of resistant bacteria, helping to control and prevent proliferation of antibiotic resistance

2024-02-26 19:41:22 UTC

One can simultaneously determine the effects of multiple different antibiotics on a single sample of mtb in a relatively short amount of time

zhuorh3 — 2024-02-26 19:43:29 UTC

To make sure people get correct antibiotics and it can kill bacteria

nratnam — 2024-02-27 20:43:37 UTC

the lungs of an individual are affected, but the treatments are getting harder because of the introduction of antibiotic resistance.

nratnam — 2024-02-27 20:44:27 UTC

granulomas allow the MTb to grow, develop, and replicate in a place that is hard to be killed.

nratnam — 2024-02-27 20:44:47 UTC

granulomas keep the bacteria in one place where it can't spread.

nratnam — 2024-02-27 20:45:50 UTC

this would help in determining what antibiotics someone is already resistant to and what they can be given that would not further increase their Abx resistance.

2024-02-28 18:37:02 UTC

Has been used in early biowarfare tactics

2024-02-28 18:37:17 UTC

It spreads fast, and used to be a large issue.

delder10 — 2024-02-28 18:37:19 UTC

Caused 2 major pandemics in the Middle Ages

2024-02-28 18:37:21 UTC

Killed a major part of European population in medieval days

loreleib — 2024-02-28 18:37:23 UTC

It took out a huge population

abbyerog — 2024-02-28 18:37:27 UTC

Caused the downfall of feudalism in medieval Europe

2024-02-28 18:37:27 UTC

Doctors wore scary looking masks during the Plague in Europe. Rats are involved.

davbob — 2024-02-28 18:37:29 UTC

Caused large outbreaks previously. Easily transmissible.

jacqum3 — 2024-02-28 18:37:32 UTC

Big outbreak a long time ago. Spread by fleas/ticks on rats

2024-02-28 18:37:43 UTC

"Black Death" (1300s Europe), plague masks, rats

shreem03 — 2024-02-28 18:37:47 UTC

Often associated with medieval times

2024-02-28 18:37:47 UTC

Plague doctors

2024-02-28 18:37:52 UTC

It’s not as prevalent anymore, but was a big deal many years ago

zhuorh3 — 2024-02-28 18:37:53 UTC

caused pandemics, widely spreaded

Modification to LPS during infection allows for immune evasion

2024-02-28 18:38:06 UTC

natego — 2024-02-28 18:38:07 UTC

everyone gets infected and sick

2024-02-28 18:38:11 UTC

During the fourteenth century, this illness spread across the world in three large waves, killing one-third to one-half of the population in places where outbreaks occurred.

nj11_1 — 2024-02-28 18:38:15 UTC

Plague doctors would use certain mixtures of herbs and such in their beak-like masks, in attempts to prevent themselves from contracting the plague

2024-02-28 18:38:21 UTC

Is extremely contagious, can be spread through animals, usually happens because fleas move on to different hosts (rats, etc.) as animals die of the plague

shanson3_1 — 2024-02-28 18:38:48 UTC

Black Death; historically it was very deadly but it does not seem as common today

abbyerog — 2024-02-28 18:39:08 UTC

It was believed to be caused by miasmas meaning people would protect themselves with floral scents/masks designed to protect them from the smells

It spread through medieval Europe because of poor sanitation standards that were lost after the fall of the Roman empire causing interactions with bodies and rodents

2024-02-28 18:43:15 UTC

spreads really fast and caused major pandemics

nj11_1 — 2024-02-28 18:43:32 UTC

Thick garments protected against fleas (unintentionally) and blood/lymph from infected individuals

Additionally, I mentioned in the last padlet that the masks were filled with numerous aromatic compounds (herbs, dried flowers, etc.) because of the prominent theory for the cause of the disease during that time (miasma theory)

abbyerog — 2024-02-28 18:55:14 UTC

To keep up the spooky vibes

nj11_1 — 2024-02-28 18:55:25 UTC

Oh and also those canes were used to push poor sick people away and beat them back 😭

2024-02-28 18:55:59 UTC

To protect against the disease. Although they were unsure of the source of disease, they must have found correlation with covering up and preventing infection

abbyerog — 2024-02-28 18:56:11 UTC

The beak was protection against miasmas the cane was because medieval doctors didn't want to get swarmed by people who didn't want to die so they chose violence

2024-02-28 18:56:11 UTC

The masks were filled with herbs or dried flowers to keep the decaying body smell out.

can23 — 2024-02-28 18:56:14 UTC

To protect themselves from getting the plague

shreem03 — 2024-02-28 18:56:20 UTC

To filter out the air and protect themselves from fleas and other sick people

2024-02-28 18:56:28 UTC

To avoid disease transmission and keep the stench away.

delder10 — 2024-02-28 18:56:34 UTC

they thought it was Halloween

2024-02-28 18:56:53 UTC

davbob — 2024-02-28 18:57:08 UTC

To protect themselves. The long clothing prevents contact and the mask was filled with aromatics which supposedly prevented contraction. The rods were likely to avoid touching diseased patients directly.

2024-02-28 18:57:11 UTC

They wore beaked masks, leather gloves, and long coats in an attempt to fend off the disease

shanson3_1 — 2024-02-28 18:57:21 UTC

Thinking that sickness was spread through the air, they could fill masks with more pleasant scents in an attempt to avoid infection

2024-02-28 18:57:21 UTC

to avoid getting the plague and protect themselves

loreleib — 2024-02-28 18:58:02 UTC

Ward off the evil spirits

natego — 2024-02-28 18:58:28 UTC

protect them!

PPE

2024-02-28 18:58:30 UTC

abbyerog — 2024-02-28 18:58:50 UTC

The canes were ahead of their time (forced social distancing. 6ft apart or else)

zhuorh3 — 2024-02-28 19:02:37 UTC

To protect them

2024-02-28 19:27:37 UTC

If it stays in tact, it keeps bacteria sequestered from spreading in the bloodstream or to other hosts.

The granuloma provides a perfect niche for survival of the bacteria, there are constant immune cells to replicate in and they are protected from other immune mechanisms.

2024-02-28 19:30:05 UTC

theodn5 — 2024-02-28 19:32:41 UTC

Used to afflict medieval european populations, rats were a common vector

nj11_1 — 2024-02-28 19:32:42 UTC

It’s epicenter is in the city — the capital in fact — most likely for its high density of people (which spread pneumonic plague) and city rodents (transmitting bubonic)

abbyerog — 2024-02-28 19:32:52 UTC

Pneumonic plague is a lot more common, and a lot less easy to confirm

delder10 — 2024-02-28 19:33:00 UTC

Yersinia pestis needs areas of high density to cause an outbreak. Pneumonic plague is more common compared to bubonic plague.

2024-02-28 19:33:07 UTC

Areas of high population density is where we observe the most cases of plague. Specifically, pneumonic plague is more common than bubonic plague.

2024-02-28 19:33:32 UTC

Seems that the plague is endemic in highly populated areas

shreem03 — 2024-02-28 19:33:46 UTC

Areas with high pop and density is where outbreaks occur

davbob — 2024-02-28 19:33:52 UTC

Most outbreaks occur in highly populated areas. Also, pneumonic plague seems to be more common than bubonic plague.

2024-02-28 19:34:02 UTC

Plague cases are more common in the cities due to its high volume of people and there are more rodents in the city areas as well.

2024-02-28 19:34:10 UTC

Pneumonic plague is more common in the city which makes sense due to population density being high there where it can spread through air. Bubonic cases are also near high populations, through rat bites

can23 — 2024-02-28 19:34:29 UTC

Plague outbreaks occur in more densely populated areas and pneumonic plague is more common

kianrm — 2024-02-28 19:34:41 UTC

The epicenter is usually located in the most densely populated area with pneumonic plague having a much higher instance rate.

theodn5 — 2024-02-28 19:34:45 UTC

Heavy long robes to protect from exposure, horned mask to hold herbs to protect from bad smells

2024-02-28 19:34:57 UTC

Cases are mostly concentrated at highly populated areas (e.g. capital). There are more city rodents too!

theodn5 — 2024-02-28 19:35:05 UTC

density is a big predictor for spread

shanson3_1 — 2024-02-28 19:35:23 UTC

Plague outbreaks tend to be more concentrated in urban areas. Additionally, there are more cases of pneumonic plague and fewer cases of bubonic plague. Of the pneumonic plague cases, many appear to be suspected but not necessarily confirmed.

nratnam — 2024-02-28 19:51:06 UTC

huge outbreak that killed many people; related to fleas and other vectors

nratnam — 2024-02-28 19:51:29 UTC

the high density of people is the center of the outbreaks

nratnam — 2024-02-28 19:52:43 UTC

to protect themselves from transmission. if there was no way for the disease to get in, they were hoping to be fine

2024-02-29 20:29:22 UTC

The plague has caused two major pandemics that wiped out a lot of the population in Europe in the Middle Ages. It is thought to have been spread by rats, and used as a bioweapon by the Mongols via hurtling dead bodies into cities that were under siege.

2024-02-29 21:07:32 UTC

Affects the lungs

2024-02-29 21:08:19 UTC

To determine which drugs are the most effective

2024-02-29 21:09:29 UTC

To have some kind of protection aganist the infection.

scaisley — 2024-03-01 03:40:58 UTC

Spread by fleas on rats, affected most of Europe, and parts of North Africa and the Middle East. Occurred in the 1300s, spreads very fast, killed many people (something like 100 million)

scaisley — 2024-03-01 03:42:55 UTC

Although the mechanisms of disease transmission were not well understood at this time, the outfits worn by plague doctors were thought to prevent evil spirits from entering the body. They often wore masks to avoid getting fluids on them and block out the smell, and their long robes were also waxy on the outside, which was another mechanism of keeping fluids off their body.

2024-03-01 07:35:53 UTC

see which drugs are effective and which ones are resistant

2024-03-01 07:36:05 UTC

was deadly in the past

2024-03-01 07:36:21 UTC

people get tested for it often

2024-03-01 20:56:39 UTC

Granulomas are advantageous to MTb because htey recruit macrophages for MTb to infect and provide a safe space for MTb to replicate.

2024-03-01 20:57:02 UTC

They are advantageous to the host because they keep bacteria from spreading in the body and transmitting to others.

agr26 — 2024-03-01 23:12:53 UTC

One thing I know about tuberculosis is that it affects the lungs.

agr26 — 2024-03-01 23:13:22 UTC

Granulomas are advantageous to MTb as it provides a safe place to reproduce

agr26 — 2024-03-01 23:14:16 UTC

Granulomas are advantageous to the host as it keeps the infection contained.

agr26 — 2024-03-01 23:14:40 UTC

It is important to determine which drugs are the most effective.

agr26 — 2024-03-01 23:15:09 UTC

Plague was a huge outbreak and it is easily transmissible.

agr26 — 2024-03-01 23:17:51 UTC

It was important for personal protection (PPE!)

agr26 — 2024-03-01 23:18:11 UTC

Most of the outbreaks occur where there is a high density of people

caused by Yersinia pestis

hho3_3 — 2024-03-02 05:29:06 UTC

more infections in highly populated areas

hho3_3 — 2024-03-02 05:29:58 UTC

2024-03-02 09:19:35 UTC

It’s a disease that affects the lungs

2024-03-02 09:20:34 UTC

It is a type of disease that has a fast and quick spread, killing a high magnitude of people during its time of transmission.

amishav — 2024-03-03 00:28:37 UTC

It spread fast and had killed a large part of European population due to a large outbreak

amishav — 2024-03-03 00:28:59 UTC

To protect against the disease and filter out air