Definition: When using literal translation, direct translation or word-for-word translation, is a translation of a text done by translating each word separately, without looking at how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence.

Example 1:

Source Text :(P.5)

El primer verbo que prácticamente aparece en boca de Jesús.

The   first       verb    that      practically     appears     in   mouth of    Jesus.

Target Text:(P.5)

Example 2:

Source Text: (P.6)

Esa persona es Jesús de Nazareth.

That person   is Jesus  of   Nazareth.

Target Text: (P.6)

Modulation Technique

Definition:This involves a change of perspective, adjusting what has been written in order to express the same idea and preserve the meaning. This translates the text in a way that conforms to the natural patterns of the target language.

Example 1:

Source Text: (P.8)

Es posible que mañana llueva.

Rain tomorrow is possible.

Target Text: (P.8)

Example 2:

Source Text: (P.8)

De quien yo me fiaba, es el primero en traicionarme.

 The one I trusted,      is   the first     to  betray me. 

Target Text: (P.8)

TranspositionTechnique

Definition: This technique involves a shift from one grammatical category to another, while still preserving the meaning. This is process where parts of speech change their sequence when they are translated.

Example 1:

Source Text:(P.6)

¿En qué o en quién cree el cristiano?

The Christian in what or who believe in?

Target Text: (P.6)

Example 2:

Source Text: (P.8)

«Eso que te han dicho no es verdad».

That's not true what they've told you

Target Text: (P.8)

- Definition: This technique aims for a word-for-word correspondence between the source text and the translated text.

- Example 1: "The Spanish phrase "acepté la palabra de Dios y la acepté incondicionalmente" is translated literally as "accept the Word of God and accept it unconditionally" in English.

- Example 2: "or todo ello María puede ser calificada, siguiendo al Vaticano II

translate literally:For all this, Mary can be described, following Vatican II

Modulation Technique:

- Definition: Modulation involves changing the expression of the message while retaining its meaning.

- Example 1: "Jesús pretende que María pase de una fe judaizante a una fe cristiana;

Traducción: Jesus intends for Mary to move from a Judaizing faith to a Christian faith;

- Example 2: "Por ti se bendecirán todos los linajes de la tierra" / "In you all the families of the earth shall be blessed."

Another Technique (Reordering):

- Definition: I selected the Reordering technique, which involves changing the order of words or phrases to achieve a better flow in translation.

- Example 1: " La fe es la actitud fundamental de la vida de María

Traducción: the faith is a fundamental attitud yo the life of Mary

- Example 2: " La respuesta de fe de Abrahán 'le fue reputada como justicia'

Traducir: Abraham's response of faith 'was reckoned to him as righteousness

Literal technique :

Definition:Literal translation is attempting a word-for-word translation that is as close as possible to the original, especially regarding the text’s structure and grammar. While this can lead to very accurate translations, a rather large caveat exists. It can only be used for certain structures between certain languages, as there is no universal magic wand for using literal translation on everything.

Example 1 :

Source text : que Cristo es necesario para la

 salvación de todos

Target text :that Christ is necessary for the salvation

 salvation of all  

Example 2 :   source text : Qué ocurre con la misión de la Iglesia, con

   el testimonio de la fe ?

Target text : what happens with the mission of the church, with the testimony of the faith  ?

Modulation Technique

Definition :Modulation, on the other hand, goes even further and uses a phrase in the target language that isn’t the same as the source language, but nevertheless expresses the same meaning. Both phrases, the identical one and the modulated alternative, might exist in the target language, but one sounds more natural to the reader in the target language. Modulation aims to find the more appropriate phrase and use it accordingly to prevent possible confusion and make the translation feel more natural.

Example 1: 

Source  text :A cualquiera, pues, que me confiese delante de los hombres, yo también le confesaré delante de mi Padre que está en los cielos.

Target text : it is not difficult to be confessed by the father if you confess to him first in front of men

Mt :10 .32  page #30

Example 2:

Source text :

 También tengo otras ovejas que no son de este redil; aquellas también debo traer, y oirán mi voz; y habrá un rebaño, y un pastor.

Target  text

other sheep that are not in the fold will also be part of it

Jn 10.16 page 32

Transposition technique

Definition : A simpler oblique technique is transposition, which changes the word order in a phrase or a sentence. Different languages have different rules about adjective, noun and verb positions in a sentence and relative to each other. For example, English places adjectives before a noun, whereas French often places them after. Therefore, transposition focuses on this and ensures that the words in the target language are in a new, correct order and the meaning of the phrase mostly remains the same.

Example 1 :

Source text :el cual quiere que todos los hombres sean salvos y vengan al conocimiento de la verdad.

Target text : who in the knowledge of the truth desires all men to come to the knowledge of the truth and to be saved

1 tim 2,4 page 30

Example 2:

Source text :Porque el que se avergonzare de mí y de mis palabras, de este se avergonzará el Hijo del Hombre cuando venga en su gloria, y en la del Padre, y de los santos ángeles.

Target text : Whoever will be ashamed of my words and of me, of this the Son of Man when he comes in his glory will be ashamed.

-La fe de los sirvientes

The faith of the servants.

-La voluntad de jesus

The will of Jesus.

In these examples we decided to apply Literal translation, word by word as it is a simple text, and trying to mantain the form of the original text.

2 examples of modulation technique:

Original phrase: "Es el que consuma este camino, el que lo realiza perfectamente." (page 24)

Modulated phrase: "The one who brings this journey to completion, executing it flawlessly."

In this modulation, the meaning remains consistent, but the wording is adjusted to offer a different perspective and a more varied expression while maintaining the core sense of completing the path with perfection.

-Original phrase: "Si Jesús es la traducción humana de lo que Dios es, la fe-fidelidad de Jesús es el modo como se refleja en el mundo la fidelidad de Dios."(page 25)

Translated phrase: "If Jesus embodies what God is as a human, his faithful devotion reflects how God's faithfulness resonates within humanity's existence in the world."

In this modulation, the core idea remains intact, but the expression is altered to convey the same meaning more dynamically and with different wording to enhance readability and offer a fresh perspective.

2 examples of transposition:

- Original phrase: "Así transmite su fe a los sirvientes" (page 23)

Translated phrase: "This is how he transmits his faith to the servants."

The transposition happens when the original sentence structure in Spanish, which starts with "Así" (Thus/This way) followed by the verb "transmite" (transmits) and then the subject "su fe" (his faith) and the object "a los sirvientes" (to the servants), is rearranged in English to begin with "This is how," followed by subject-verb-object structure for clarity and fluency in English.

-Original phrase: "Lo que Dios es se refleja en la vida de Jesús, como debería reflejarse en la vida de todo cristiano." (page 25)

Transposed phrase: "In the life of Jesus is reflected what God is, as it ought to be mirrored in the life of every Christian."

This transposed version alters the structure to rearrange the sentence in English while maintaining the original meaning.

Example

. La fe es un camino muchas veces oscuro. page 16

THE FAITH IS A WAY MANY TIMES OBSCURE.

IN THE FOLLOWING TEXT WE DECIDED TO APPLY LITERAL TRANSLATION, WORD BY WORD AS IT IS A SIMPLE TEXT, AND TRYING TO MAINTAIN THE FORM OF THE ORIGINAL TEXT.