The case studies I would use are :

-> Montserrat (LIDC)

-> Iceland (AC)

Intro - Explain how tectonic hazards presented by volcanoes can impact place identity in both AC's and LIDC's and reference the two case studies.

Paragraph 1 - How the 1995 Eruption of Chances' Peak in Montserrat influenced the identity of Montserrat. eg the identity changed from being inactive for over 300 years to quickly becoming an active / dangerous location.

Paragraph 2 - How the Eyjafjallajokull eruption (VEI4) of 2010 influenced Iceland's identity. eg 108,000 flights delayed caused global issues , many countries impacted and millions lost per day in costs. Therefore Iceland could now be more recognised as a volcanic region. Furthermore people now know this and may be more inclined to visit , therefore impacting the total number of tourists visiting Iceland since the eruption took place.

I would ensure to mention both parts of the spec (Hazardous Earth & CSMP) to ensure I'm not focusing entirely on one of them and can answer the question fully.

• case studies used: both volcanic and tectonic activity e.g. E15 and Sendai Japan

introduction: definitions (short intro)

para 1:

• extent of risks and how that can vary based on place making

• e.g. the posed risks of the hazard may change and have different effects to others, this also includes frequency and probability of the hazard. but, reasons for someone to live in these places can often outweigh the posed risks at hand, which could mean place meaning is shaped by residents

• in dire cases, governments get involved in order to control risks of the area, which creates a feeling of safety which improves place making - this could involve immediate and future mitigation

para 2: what is the placemaking process?

• briefly define rebranding (focus of para 2)

• the way in which place making is carried out is through examples such as rebranding

• rebranding - changes the perceived image of a place in a more positive way, for example rebranding a perceived dangerous area into a safer environment could massively improve the placed identity

• NGOs and charities may get involved.

• place making scale may differ based on previous or current place perception - due to severity of incoming risks

case studies:

E15: Shop based on historical features of the eruption, provides history for he area - rebrands the area based on a more positive identity

conclusion:

it does effect place making processes, especially rebranding. but the necessity of rebranding is equally dependent upon the severity of the risks

Intro - Give some examples of tectonic hazards, introduce case studies (Montserrat and Japan) and state two main points.

Paragraph 1 - Tectonic hazards cause out-migration to other countries.

• The hazards produced by either earthquakes or volcanic eruptions may cause a region within a country or an entire country to become uninhabitable.

• Use Montserrat as a case study to show how the hazards of eruptions, particularly pyroclastic flows, destroy vital resources, such as agricultural lands and infrastructure (Plymouth), and the risk of further eruptions, make continuing to live in an affected region either very dangerous or impossible.

• How this led to a mass emigration of the population to neighbouring islands such as Antigua, as well as other countries like the USA and UK.

• How eventually this impact may be reversed as some of the population returns and immigrants from other countries seek employment in rehabilitation.

Paragraph 2 - Tectonic hazards increase the magnitude of internal flows on a temporary or permanent basis.

• Where international migration may not be necessary, hazards may cause an increase in internal migration, away from affected areas.

• Use Japan as a case study to show how residents living along the northeast coast in the impact zone of the 2011 tsunami were forced to move elsewhere temporarily due to destruction of homes. How some residents settled permanently in these other areas.

• On a longer time scale, how the incident at the Fukushima-Daichii nuclear power plant caused radioactive contamination that forced people in the surrounding area to migrate elsewhere. How even today, nearly 13 years later, many have chosen not to return.

Conclusion - Summary of these impacts, and how their. significance may vary according to different timescales.

Case Study Detail to Include:

Montserrat:

• Emigration of 7,000 residents between 1995 and 1999

• The population rose to just over 5,000 by 2006

• In-migration of 1,500 economic migrants, mainly in construction.

Japan:

• 30km evacuation zone established and Fukushima

• 80,000 people evacuated from within a 12-mile radius

• December 2011: 800 people from nearby Futaba still lived in an abandoned school

• Generally, 330,000 Japanese still live in temporary accommodation

• 500 remain in evacuation centres

Intro - Location of Landscape system and types of landforms found within this landscape. Define the scope of volcanic activity upon the landscape (Subduction creating island arc - rock within the landscape). Point out other factors influencing the landforms.

Para. 1 - Volcanic activity has significantly influenced how a glacier has been able to shape landforms in the Lake District… How hard rock (created by the subduction) has resulted in the exposure of outcrops and withstood erosion. Therefore creating landforms that have resisted the glaciers processes.

Para. 2 - Other factors influencing the landforms -

Examine in detail another factor; Climate, Topography, Slope Aspect and Elevation. How they influence landforms and how they are potentially more important/less important over volcanic activity.

Conc. - Judgement, To what extent is Volcanic Activity the p influence influencing landforms. Which factor is most important in influencing landforms. Why?

Ensure reference is made to Hazardous Earth and Glaciation topics.

• Case Study Detail - Lake District

  - Rocks of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group are found in the central Lake District

  -They consist of very hard lava and ash formed in major eruptions around 450 million years ago (Igneous Rock)

  - Borrowdale Volcanics created by subducting plates where two oceanic plates meet. The slightly older and therefore denser one will subduct under the other, creating a trench, as the plate descends it causes the partial melting of the mantle in the plate above. This magma rises to the surface and forms chains of volcanic islands - island arcs.

  -They have withstood erosion over this time and make up the highest mountains, such as Scafell, Helvellyn, and Great Gable.

Intro - Describe the hydrosphere briefly and introduce Japan Case Study. Describe briefly how Tsunamis can be devastating (Like Japan)

Paragraph 1:

Japan was hit by a 9 Magnitude earthquake in 2011 which didn’t have a severe impact due to coping capacity being so high. Following tsunami devastated the population afterwards, having a severe affect on the country and cleanup still in progress 10+ years later (Fukushima)

Paragraph 2:

Water is much more difficult to handle and leads to much more expensive mitigations which can fail (example Sendai). This prevents EDC’s and LIDC’s from being able to afford to protect their borders and makes them more vulnerable.

Conclusion:

Water displacement leads to much more dangerous events and lengthy/expensive mitigation or recovery.

Information:

6 KM of water displaced in the Pacific Ocean

20 minute time between earthquake and Tsunami initial impact

Tsunami travelled 7km into Sendai due to flat land

100km of debris scattered due to tsunami

Earthquake causes beaches to sink and walls to sink up to 1m, rendering them useless.

Intro - Explain what volcanic activity is and introduce the case study (Arctic Tundra)

Paragraph 1 - CO2 Release

Volcanoes emit carbon dioxide during eruptions - one of the primary ways in which volcanic activity contributes to the carbon cycle.

The carbon stored in magma is released into the atmosphere when a volcano erupts.

With an increase of carbon dioxide, there will warmer temperatures.

This will particularly damaging to the Arctic Tundra as the increased temperatures will cause the ice to melt.

As well, the permafrost will melt, leading to further melting through positive feedback.

Paragraph 2 - Short-term Cooling

Volcanic eruptions release large amounts of ash and sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere.

These greenhouse gases can reflect sunlight, leading to a temporary cooling effect on the Earth's surface.

This will affect the carbon cycle as it leads to temporary cooling as less ice will melt.

However, the impact is short-lived compared to the long-term warming effect of the greenhouse gases emitted as mentioned previously

Conclusion - Volcanic activity affects the carbon cycle both on a short term and long term scale.

More damaging with the c02 release (long term) as positive feedback can occur

Case Study Detail:

Arctic Tundra: Permafrost contains 14% of Earth's carbon

Covers North America, Asia and Europe

Temperatures range from -40 to 20 Degrees Celsius

1,700 plant species and 48 mammal species

Case Studies I would use: Iceland and Nepal

Para 1- Iceland eruption- VEI 4, a phreatomagmatic eruption with a huge ash cloud as a result due to magma shattering on contact with ice.

• Influences place identity as it has adapted its tourism industry since the eruption. Tourism has increased fivefold since the eruption, and has triggered the opening of tourist attractions like the Lava Centre.

• This has therefore changed its socio-economic characteristics of Iceland, as its services are now more equipped to tourism, shaping the way people view the area. Increased Iceland's global profile with 95,000 flights cancelled, immediately making global news, particularly as trans-Atlantic flights cancelled

• Plus, with its volcanic activity shaping its natural characteristics, this has also shaped its identity, as these natural characteristics have driven the tourism industry development

Para 2- Nepal

• Mountainous area, with the Himalayas still growing at a rate of 10cm a year

• The earthquake (seismic) activity influences this image due to the number of hazards caused by its mountainous nature, like landslides, which wiped out many villages. For example in the Gorkha region, a village had only 4 out of 1200 buildings left undamaged from landslides.

• This changed the image of Nepal, due to it being portrayed as a very hazardous region, due to the 19 deaths on Everest, portraying it as a hazardous area on a local scale.

• 
  

Intro :

- The impacts of volcanic events on the carbon and water cycle are significant, however more so in the carbon cycle

- Introduce Eyjafjallajökull case study

- Impacts are largely negative

- However on a scale, impacts are largely negligible

Para 1 : carbon cycle

- Volcanic events can influence the carbon cycle, as shown in the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland

- During the peak of its eruption, 200,000 - 300,000 tonnes of CO2 were being emitted from the volcano each day

- This impacted the carbon cycle significantly as it led to millions more tonnes of CO2 being stored in the atmosphere

- This could cause a positive multiplier effect in the carbon cycle as ; Higher conc of CO2 in atmosphere -> Higher retention of infrared radiation in the Iceland areas -> Warmer temperatures -> Higher rate of permafrost melt in countries like Greenland and the USA (Alaska) as they are near the arctic circle -> Release of CO2 -> Even higher conc of CO2 in the atmosphere

- Despite this, roughly 10 billion tonnes of CO2 were emitted into the atmosphere in 2010, therefore the eruption made up only a small proportion of total emissions, showing its limited impact on a global scale

Para 2 : water cycle

- Volcanic events can influence the water cycle as also shown in the E15 eruption in 2010

- In the 200 years prior to eruption, an ice cap had grown over the top of the E15 eruption

- The eruption quickly melted the vast ice cap, leading to the formation of Jokulhlaups

- This impacted the local scale water cycle as it flooded many areas as infiltration excess overland flow meant the ground could not infiltrate the water at the rate the water was flooding areas

- However on a larger global scale, the impact was negligible and did not contribute to a great extent to the whole system

Conclusion :

- Overall, the impacts to both cycles can be significant as shown in the 2010 E15 eruption, particularly in the carbon cycle

- However, scale severely limits the extent of the impacts to both cycles as volcanic events are largely localised

Intro: Brief, describe tectonic hazards (volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis) introduce case studies - Montserrat, Japan and their global connections.

Paragraph 1: Concentration of migration

Migrant populations have settled in coastal areas which are then vulnerable to tsunamis and other seismic activity like earthquakes. Moved their due to factors like employment opportunities or family reunification.

PSD: Japan, Tohoku earthquake and Tsunami.

Number of deaths:19,759

Total damage: $360 billion

6km of water displaced

Due to Japan's global connections the migrant concentration was higher on coastal areas. This meant their response to tectonic hazards will be worse due to more people requiring evacuation. Includes educating everyone through drills which is harder to do with higher population density caused my global migration. However, they also contribute valuable resources, knowledge, and support networks to disaster response efforts.

Paragraph 2: Access to help after a tectonic event.

Montserrat

After a tectonic event the response is heavily dependent on whether countries trying to assist can access the county.

PSD: emigration of 7000 residents from 1995-1999

The Bramble Airport was destroyed by a volcanic eruption - cutting of air travel to island restricting response to tectonic activity.

As well as making it hard for countries to supply helpful resources, people couldn't emigrate as the airport was destroyed. However, the island still had access by boat which meant the islands connections weren't limited

Conclusion: In conclusion, a country's global connections, particularly through global migration, significantly influences its responses to tectonic hazards, with the concentration of immigration and access after a tectonic hazard affecting a country's response.

Seismic hazards - earthquakes and their primary/secondary impacts eg. Tsunami, liquefaction. Brief explanation of flows within Global Migration + significance. Introduce case studies: Japan + Nepal.

Paragraph 1:

Flows of money in the form of foreign aid can greatly assist with mitigation. Provides LIDCs with the funds needed for mitigation of seismic hazards. Nepal 2015 - $3 billion in foreign aid. Partially used towards funding mitigation of hazards eg. Rescue helicopters. Less significant in more developed nations which already have the money to be able to invest in mitigation; Japan 2011 - comparative lack of foreign aid - also $3 billion but less as a percentage of GDP.

Paragraph 2:

Flow of ideas/technology leads to spread of successful mitigation strategies. Eg. Earthquake proof buildings in Tokyo/Japan. The engineering ideas and techniques used to prevent building collapse in the event of a 9 Mw earthquake can be observed and replicated by other earthquake prone nations. The most successful mitigation strategies/ideas could be implemented globally eg. The use of early warning systems. Impact of this flow may be limited by development levels as high cost mitigation strategies such as earthquake-proofing may be too expensive for LIDCs such as Nepal.

Conclusion: Flows can significantly assist mitigation; foreign aid (flow of money) + earthquake proofing (flow of ideas/technology)