The risk of PD is higher in Men than it is in woman, but woman have a faster progression rate and a higher mortality rate. 5% of people over 85 are likely to get Parkinson's disease, while only 3% of people over 65 get it.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6700650/

• Tremor: a rhythmic shaking that usually starts in the hands, fingers, foot, or jaw.

• Bradykinesia: slowed movement that can make doing tasks more difficult

• Rigid Muscles: stiff muscles that can occur in any part of your body

• Nonmotor symptoms: these can include anxiety, depression, constipation, and sleep problems

• Poor posture or balance

• Loss of automatic movement

• Speech and writing changes

  
  

  Source: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20376055

  
  

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7029316/#:~:text=EPIDEMIOLOGY%20OF%20PD&text=Most%20studies%20report%20the%20highest,of%20PD%20risk%20than%20ethnicity.

(sub-stan-ti-ah, nigh-gra). These are the nerve cells that are located in deep parts of the brain. They are responsible for relaying messages to the brain that are for planning and controlling body movements. But for an unknown reason, the neurotransmitter dopamine in the substantia nigra dies off for some reason which causes symptoms like tremors, slowed movement, stiffness, and balance problems which all correlate to the movement of our bodies.

Source: https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-pd.htm

https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/parkinsons-disease/parkinsons-disease-causes-symptoms-and-treatments#:~:text=Parkinson's%20disease%20is%20a%20brain,have%20difficulty%20walking%20and%20talking.

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/parkinson-disease

The most common symptoms include:

•Poor posture or balance

•Non-motor symptoms

• anxiety, depression, and sleep problems

•Speech and writing changes

• Neurological Exam: an exam that tests your thinking, mental abilities, senses, coordination, and reflexes.

• Genetic Tests: This test looks at your genetics and looks for any family history of Parkinson's Disease or any traits linked to early onset disease.

• Alpha-Synuclein Test: also known as "alpha-synuclein amplification assay." This test is beneficial for detecting Parkinson's Disease before detecting symptoms. It looks for clumps typically found in Lewy bodies, which cannot break down and continue to spread and damage brain cells. Further research needs to be done for this test, but recently, it has been highly effective (87.7% of the time) in detecting Parkinson's Disease before symptoms even start.

Source: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376062

For example Tremors (a rhythmic shaking that usually starts in hands, fingers, foot, or jaw). These normally start on one hand or one finger.

Stiffness or slow movement is another symptom.

Facial stiffness, or Facial expressions also become droopy and stiff.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20376055

• Blood & lab tests: this is used to rule out any other conditions that may be causing your symptoms so that you can get a clear, definite, conclusion.

• Imaging Tests: tests such as an MRI scan, brain ultrasound, PET scan, and dopamine transporter (DPT) scans. These can also help identify any other potential conditions to help rule out your symptoms to be diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease. A DPT scan is also helpful for identifying various types of tremors, but it is almost always not necessarily needed for diagnosis.

Source: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376062

https://www.neurology.org/doi/abs/10.1212/01.WNL.0000052681.28286.52

Source: https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/parkinsons-disease/parkinsons-disease-causes-symptoms-and-treatments#:~:text=Changes%20in%20cognition%20and%20Parkinson's,problems%20with%20thinking%20or%20memory.

https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/non-movement-symptoms/depression

https://www.epainassist.com/parkinsons-disease/what-are-the-long-term-effects-of-parkinsons-disease

Speech-language pathologists can help people with Parkinson's disease maintain as many communication skills as possible. They also teach techniques that conserve energy, including non-verbal communication skills.

• Recommend appropriate communication technologies that will help with daily activities.

• Treat all types of speech, language, and communication problems.

• Evaluate swallowing function and recommend changes as necessary.

• Treatment can cost around $75 to $200 per session depending on the location, provider, and intensity of the program.

  
  

  https://www.webmd.com/parkinsons-disease/parkinsons-speech-therapy

Sources:

1. https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/carbidopa-levodopa#:~:text=Carbidopa/levodopa%20Prices%2C%20Coupons%2C%20Copay%20Cards%20&%20Patient%20Assistance,-Prices&text=Carbidopa/levodopa%20is%20a%20member,accepted%20at%20most%20U.S.%20pharmacies.

2. https://www.goodrx.com/carbidopa-levodopa/medicare-coverage#:~:text=Yes.,Copay%20Range

3. https://www.parkinsons.org.uk/information-and-support/your-magazine/experts/qa-importance-getting-parkinsons-medication-time#:~:text=Without%20enough%20dopamine%2C%20the%20symptoms,to%20manage%20day%20to%20day.

4. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/20349-carbidopa-levodopa-tablets

The cost of DBS fluctuates to the way you go about it. DBS is around $39,152 ± $5340. Asleep or under general anesthesia. While being awake cost around $40,052 ± $6604. You would also have to pay for your MRI and physical fees.

Most public and private health insurances do help cover deep brain stimulation surgery's.

Some long term consequence's of DBS is a risk of stroke, depression, seizures, or numbness.

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/deep-brain-stimulation#:~:text=Deep%20brain%20stimulation%20(DBS)%20is,dystonia%20and%20other%20neurological%20conditions.

Source: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7790585/

A long term consequence of parkinson's that CBT could treat is depression. By Learning to calm one’s mind and relax one’s body. A short term consequence of parkinson's that CBT would also be depression.

The type of professional that would offer Cognitive behavioral therapy would be a psychologist, Counselors, and social workers.

https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/patients-and-families/cognitive-behavioral

Source: https://www.michaeljfox.org/symptoms/speech-swallowing-problems#:~:text=Speech%20Problems&text=Many%20people%20with%20PD%20speak,rapidly%2C%20even%20stuttering%20or%20stammering.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8157874/

• Wearing hearing aids to treat age-related hearing loss.

• Screening for hearing loss and appropriate use of hearing aids may reduce the incidence of PD.

• Auditory processing disorder can also be linked to Parkinson's, and resources and therapies are available for it.

The risk of developing Parkinson disease (PD) after objective hearing loss is unknown. PD studies using self-reported hearing loss are insensitive, and objective data are lacking.

The use of hearing aids to treat people who suffer with hearing loss, their age can affect as well. 

A new study suggests a possible connection between hearing loss and Parkinson's disease, and veterans fitted with a hearing aid within two years of hearing loss appear to lower the risk of developing Parkinson's. Acoustic stimulation may also improve motor symptoms in PD.

Hearing loss appears to be an independent risk factor for later development of PD. Hearing aids attenuate this risk, and therefore widespread screening for hearing loss and appropriate use of hearing aids may reduce the incidence of PD.

Additional studies are needed to examine the mechanisms underlying the association between hearing loss and PD.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39432289/

A patient that has a Parkinson's problem, for the patient is very important, has a balanced diet to help in the treatment. 

Studies show that making targeted nutrition the mainstay of your meals may slow Parkinson's disease (PD) advancement. Eating a whole-food, plant-based diet has many benefits.

While there is no prescription for a PD-specific diet, one that includes a variety of whole grains, vegetables, fruits and protein-rich foods can improve health. Also consider including nuts, olive oil, fish and eggs to your diet, for their beneficial fats.

Eating a variety of foods will help you get the energy, protein, vitamins, minerals and fiber you need for good health

The right foods will also optimize your medications, keep your bones strong, fight constipation and weight loss and maintain general health and fitness.

Diet and Parkinson’s medications can impact each other. Carbidopa/levodopa medications work best on an empty stomach. However, some people experience nausea as a side effect of these medications, and taking them on an empty stomach may not be their best option.

https://www.parkinson.org/living-with-parkinsons/management/diet-nutrition

• Tremors

  • Resting tremors

  • Action tremors

  • Postural tremors

  • Intention tremors

• Rigidity or stiff movement

• Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)

• Posture instability 

• Hypomimia (reduced facial expression)

• Motor Symptoms: tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability, hypomimia, etc.

• Cognitive Changes: memory, attention, making decisions, etc.

• Speech and Swallowing difficulties

Occupational therapy is a great treatment option for those who need help getting back into doing their daily everyday activities caused by Parkinson's Disease. This can be done by using assistive devices to aid in tasks such as writing, eating, walking, talking, etc. This can also be done by doing exercises to practice things that they are unable to do. This rehabilitation treatment is delivered by occupational therapists.

Source(s):

1. https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/movement-symptoms

2. https://www.parkinson.org/library/fact-sheets/occupational-therapy#:~:text=An%20occupational%20therapist%20can%20help%20evaluate%20and%20make%20recommendations%20to,writing%20tools%20with%20larger%20handles

Source: https://www.umms.org/bwmc/news/2021/the-two-best-ways-to-prevent-parkinsons-disease

Creating a diet with a nutrition that is specialist in healthy foods and how it can help you to improve your health, making good choices and preventing the growing up of parkinson. Practicing good hygiene is so interesting to parkinson people because any bacteria in your house or outhome that you can prevent before it affects your disease is important, so being a hygiene person is very good for preventing measures in Parkinson. 

Trying to enact these preventive measures, motor impairments, cognitive decline, taste changes, fatigue or support needs can consequently happen with the parkinson patient. 

https://foodsafety.institute/fqs-principles-mgt/guide-good-hygiene-food-production/

Source: https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/parkinsons-disease/parkinsons-disease-causes-symptoms-and-treatments#:~:text=One%20clear%20risk%20is%20age,to%20specific%20alterations%20in%20genes.

https://parkinsonsdisease.net/special-populations

Levodopa is the best treatment we currently have to trear the movement symptoms of Parkinson. It is a molecule that the body convert into dopamine to make up for the dopamine it cannot make.

Some studies have shown that this drug stops working earlier for women than for men. Women also report side effects of levodopa more often. The most common side effcet women report is Dyskinesia.

No medicine can stop the destruction of the dopamine- producing areas of the brain. Because of that, levodopa can be less effective the longer someone has Parkinson.

https://parkinsonsdisease.net/special-populations

Description:
Wearable sensors, such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and surface electromyography (sEMG), are utilized to continuously monitor motor symptoms like tremors, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and dyskinesia (involuntary movements). These devices provide real-time, objective data on motor fluctuations, offering insights into symptom progression and treatment efficacy.​

Assistance:
These sensors aid in the diagnosis by detecting motor impairments and assist in treatment by monitoring the effectiveness of interventions.​

Negative aspect:

Short battery life, they can stretch or deform, can be complex and difficult to implement.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5014594/

Assistive technology devices include:

• Mobility aids- Tools that can help enhance safety, mobility, and balance, such as a rollator walker or cane.

• Bathing & Grooming aids- Tools that help simplify self-care tasks, such as an electric toothbrush or razor, or shower chair.

• Dressing aids- Tools that make getting dressed easier including magnetic fasteners and a shoehorn.

• Meal Preparation and Feeding aids- Tools that can make dining easier, including adaptive utensils.

• Home safety aids- Tools such as personal medical alert systems and smart home technology devices that can ease health and home management. Devices include voice-activated lights and speakers.

• Speech and Communication aids- Tools that can help you speak, including voice amplifiers, communication applications, and alphabet and picture boards.

• Memory and Visual aids- Such as reminder signage, calendar, alarms and electronic notifications.

• Recreation and Leisure aids- Tools that can help you continue doing the activities you enjoy. Examples include audiobooks, cardholders and adaptive gaming.

  https://www.parkinson.org/living-with-parkinsons/management/activities-daily-living/assistive-tech-devices

Source: https://www.parkinson.org/living-with-parkinsons/management/activities-daily-living/assistive-tech-devices

Source: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474-4422(22)00312-X/fulltext#:~:text=The%20specific%20actions%20include%20reducing,promote%20awareness%20and%20reduce%20discrimination.

Doing things such as

• Aerobic Activity

• Strength Training

• Balance, Agility & Multitasking

• Flexibility

Doing these things could help you prevent Parkinons. And for those who have it, this will help you prevent the symptoms of it.

https://www.parkinson.org/living-with-parkinsons/treatment/exercise#:~:text=Research%20has%20shown%20that%20exercise,with%20Tai%20Chi%20and%20yoga.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/797977

We illustrate this primarily for 1 specific lifestyle intervention:

• namely aerobic exercise because the case for the other main lifestyle factor (dietary interventions) to modify the course of prodromal PD is currently less persuasive.

2 large trials in persons with manifest PD indicate that exercise can help to stabilize motor parkinsonism, although this could also reflect a symptomatic effect.

Advances in digital technology can be used to deliver the exercise intervention in the participant's own living environment and also to measure the outcomes remotely, which will help to further boost long-term compliance.

https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000200787