Turkish Language Reform: Aimed at purifying, standardizing, and modernizing Turkish, removing foreign influences, and making it suitable for education and communication.

Education Reforms:

Unification of Education (1924) unified all schools under one system, including minority and Islamic schools.

Schools were secularized, and the alphabet was changed from Arabic to Latin (1928).

The Turkish Language Association was established (1932) to accelerate the language reforms.

Access to Education: Increased access to education, with a focus on reducing illiteracy and ensuring equal educational opportunities for all citizens.

Western Influence: Education reformers, often trained in Western systems, played a key role. Foreign experts, like John Dewey, were invited to advise on reforms.

Foreign Language Education: Initially, foreign language teaching was a secondary priority, as the focus was on literacy.

Primary education became compulsory for five years, followed by six years of secondary education (three years of middle school and three years of high school).

There were two main types of schools: state-run public schools and private schools, with public schools including general, vocational, and Anatolian high schools.

Foreign Language Education:

Foreign language teaching became more prominent by the late 1980s, with a policy established in 1988.

Anatolian high schools had a distinct status and included preparatory English classes, while other high schools provided eight hours of English instruction per week.

Educational Evolution: The educational system continued evolving with reforms that focused on broadening access, improving quality, and adapting to changing needs.

Teacher training programs were enhanced, with more focus on practical experience and the inclusion of new courses on teaching English to young learners. In recent years, further revisions to the curriculum were made to align with EU standards, emphasizing learner-centered approaches and active student participation in the learning process.