Separation of Powers

Division of Federal and State Power

Protection of Personal Liberty

the Judiciary Act of 1789  act establishing the organization of the U.S. federal court system, which had been sketched only in general terms in the U.S. Constitution.

The Judiciary Act of 1891, commonly known as the Evarts Act, established nine courts of appeals, one for each judicial circuit at the time. The Act created another judge position for each circuit, identified in the legislation as the circuit justice.

2. What is the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan? How do they differ? 
The Virginia Plan called for three branches of government and two houses of Congress. Representation in each house would be determined by population. The New Jersey Plan called for three branches of government and a single house of Congress. Each state would have an equal vote.

3. What does Article 3 Section 1 of the United Constitution say and what is inferred by it? The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.” So the Constitution itself says that we will have a Supreme Court, and that this Court is separate from both the legislature (Congress) and the executive (the President).

4. What’s the difference between appellate jurisdiction vs original jurisdiction? 
Original jurisdiction means that the court has the right to hear the case first. Appellate jurisdiction means that the court hears an appeal from a court of original jurisdiction. The federal district courts serve as both trial courts and appellate courts.

5. What is a “Writ of certiorari”?
 certiorari is a court process to seek judicial review of a decision of a lower court or government agency

6. How many Justices sit on the United States Supreme Court? there are 9 justices

7. What distinguishes Article III courts vs Article 1 tribunals?
Article I federal judges are not subject to the same protections as Article III judges. Article I judges do not have life tenure and their salaries may be reduced by Congress.
8. Choose an Article I tribunals and explain its functions.
The United States Tax Court is an martina Article I federal trial court established by Congress under Article I of the U.S. Constitution, Section 8 of which provides (in part) that the Congress has the power to "constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court.

The tax court is a federal trial court that hears only tax cases. It's an independent judicial forum, not connected to the IRS. This court was set up by Congress to have jurisdiction over tax disputes and other related cases.
 
Nicholas United States court of appeals for the armed forces the United States court of appeals for the armed forces has a jurisdiction over all United States military appeals worldwide the court is authorized to have  5 federally appointed judges with 15 year terms and was created on may 31st, 1951 is an Article I court that exercises worldwide appellate jurisdiction over members of the United States Armed Forces on active duty and other persons subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice.

9. Who is Ruth Bader Ginsburg? What was she known for?
ruth Bader was a former lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court she was known for authorizing dozens of law review articles and drafted or contributed to many supreme court briefs on the issue of gender discrimination she argues before the court 6 times and won 5 

10. Who is the newest justice and who nominated her? Amy cony barrett nominated by trump 

11. What justices were appointed by President Obama?   Sonia Sotomayor, elana Kagan and merrick garland.

12. Who are the last 5 Chief Justices — What state are they from? Who were they each nominated by? What was their tenure and the length of their tenure? Why did they leave the bench? 
Brett M. Kavanaugh, Associate Justice

was born in Washington, D.C.,

 President Donald J. Trump nominated him as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, and he took his seat on October 6, 2018. 

Amy Coney Barrett, Associate Justice,

was born in New Orleans, Louisiana

President Donald J. Trump nominated her as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, and she took her seat on October 27, 2020.

Sandra Day O’Connor (Retired), Associate Justice,

was born in El Paso, Texas,

President Reagan nominated her as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, and she took her seat September 25, 1981. Justice O’Connor retired from the Supreme Court on January 31, 2006. 

Anthony M. Kennedy (Retired), Associate Justice,

was born in Sacramento, California

President Reagan nominated him as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, and he took his seat February 18, 1988. Justice Kennedy retired from the Supreme Court on July 31, 2018.

David H. Souter (Retired), Associate Justice,

was born in Melrose, Massachusetts, 

President Bush nominated him as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, and he took his seat October 9, 1990. Justice Souter retired from the Supreme Court on June 29, 2009.