Constitutional Principles Summary by Robert Vargas

Amendment 2

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Amendment 1: Established 1791

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Guarantees free speech, religion, press, the right to assemble and petition the government.

Amendment 2: Established 1791

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As an American citizen, you have the individual right to arm yourself.

Amendment 3: Established 1791

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Soldiers can't live in peoples houses without their permission.

Amendment 4: Established 1791

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Protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures by the government.

Amendment 5: Established 1791

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Protects criminal defendants from having to testify if they may incriminate themselves through the testimony.

Amendment 6: Established 1791

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Sets rules about how a person must be treated when accused of a crime and goes to trial.

Amendment 7: Established 1791

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Protects the right for citizens to have a jury trial in federal courts with civil cases where the claim exceeds a certain dollar value.

Amendment 8: Established 1791

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Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Amendment 9: Established 1791

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All the rights not listed in the Constitution belong to the people, not the government.

Amendment 10: Established 1791

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The government only has the powers that are listed in the Constitution, and power that is not listed in the Constitution belongs to the states and/or the people.

Amendment 11: Established 1794

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Prohibits the federal courts from hearing certain lawsuits against states.

Amendment 12: Established 1804

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Each elector must cast distinct votes for president and vice president, instead of two votes for president.

Amendment 13: Established 1865

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Officially abolished slavery, and immediately freed more than 100,000 enslaved people, from Kentucky to Delaware.

Amendment 14: Established 1868

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Granted citizenship and equal civil and legal rights to anyone born in the United States or who became a citizen of the country.

Amendment 15: Established 1870

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Guaranteed that the right to vote could not be denied based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

Amendment 16: Established 1913

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Grants Congress the authority to issue an income tax without having to determine it based on population.

Amendment 17: Established 1913

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The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.

Amendment 18: Established 1919

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Declared the production, transport and sale of intoxicating liquors illegal, although it did not outlaw the actual consumption of alcohol.

Amendment 19: Established 1920

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Gave women the right to vote and that you can't be stopped from voting because of your gender.

Amendment 20: Established 1933

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Moved the beginning and ending of the terms of the president and vice president from March 4 to January 20, and of members of Congress from March 4 to January 3.

Amendment 21: Established 1933

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It undid the 18th Amendment, that put a ban on alcohol.

Amendment 22: Establish 1951

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Prevents a president from serving more than two terms or more than ten years.

Amendment 23: Established 1961

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Gives residents of Washington DC the right to vote for representatives in the Electoral College.

Amendment 24: Established 1964

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It abolished and forbids the federal and state governments from imposing taxes on voters during federal elections.

Amendment 25: Established 1967

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Enables the Cabinet, led by the vice president, to remove the president from their duties if they determine they are unable to perform them.

Amendment 26: Established 1971

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American citizens age 18 and older can vote.

Amendment 27: Established 1992

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Any law that increases or decreases the salary of members of Congress may take effect only after the next election of the House of Representatives has occurred.

Article 1: The Legislative Branch

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Creates a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives, also describes the powers of Congress: Expressed Powers, Implied Powers, Elastic Clause, Impeachment.

Historical Influences: Ancient Greece

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Created Democracy in the city of Athens. A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them.

Constitutional Principles: Popular Sovereignty

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The power to rule comes from the consent of the governed (the people).

Historical Influences: Ancient Rome

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Created a Republic and Senate, a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives

Historical Influences: The Enlightenment

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An area in history where in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics.

Constitutional Principles: Limited Government

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Limited government means restricting government’s power, government can only do certain things, everything else is left to the states or the people.

Constitutional Principles: Federalism

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Division and sharing of power between the Federal and State governments. The Federal government is supreme to the states, this means the US has a stronger central government than the states

Constitutional Principles: Delegated Powers

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Powers given to the Federal government,

Constitutional Principles: Reserved Powers

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Powers given (reserved) to the States.

Constitutional Powers: Concurrent Powers

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Powers shared by the Federal government and the states.

Constitutional Principles: Separation of Powers

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In the Federal government, there are three branches of government, Legislative Makes laws, Executive Enforces laws, Judicial Interprets laws.

Constitutional Principles: Checks and Balances

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Each branch of government can limit the others to ensure that no part of the government becomes too powerful, influenced by Montesquieu (Enlightenment).

Preamble

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Introduction of the Constitution, its purpose is to explain the purpose and principles of the Articles.

Article 2: The Executive Branch

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The President is the head of the executive branch, and is elected by the Electoral College. In the executive branch there is a President, Vice President, and a Cabinet.

Article 3: Judicial Branch

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The Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. The Supreme Court’s main job: Judicial Review Judicial Review established in 1803 with the case Marbury v. Madison, qualifications for the Supreme Court: No age limit or citizenship, requirement Serve for life.

Article 4: Relationships Between the States

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Ensures that states respect and honor the state laws and court orders of other states, even when their own laws are different.

Article 5: Amending the Constitution

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Outlines the process for amending the Constitution. It states that amendments may be proposed by either Congress or a national convention called by Congress. A proposed amendment must be ratified by three-quarters of the states in order to become law.

Article 6: The Supremacy Clause

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Requires both state and federal officials to take an oath where they promise to uphold the United States Constitution. That includes state legislators, judges, and magistrates.

Article 7: Ratification

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The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.