Remake of Technology to study the brain by Tulia Ocampo Gaviria https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9 Made with fortitude en-us 2018-10-02 16:26:42 UTC 2023-01-23 03:49:49 UTC hello@padlet.com Description of the technology https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288296628 Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging test of the brain. It uses the blood flow as the indicator of brain activity. with   this type of scan allows doctors to check for diseases in the body. This type of scans uses a special dye that contains radioactive tracers, this type of tracers are either swallowed, inhaled or injected. into a vein of the arm (this is depending on the part of the body that is being examined.) also, this tracers have a short half-life period, this means that it decades decays very quickly.  The PET scan help doctors to see how well organs and tissues of the body are working.

HOW THE TEST IS PERFORMED:
The patient is given  the tracer through the vein (IV) it is usually in the inside part of the elbow, or it is inhaled if it is gas. after the tracer is in you body, it travels through the blood stream and collects in organs tissues. it usually take 1 hour to the body to absorb the tracer. After that, the patient lays in a narrow table and which slides into a large tunnel-shaped scanner. T he PET scan detects signas from the tracer. A computer changes the result into 3-D images and the images are displayed in a monitor for the doctor to read it.
IMPORTANT NOTE: While doing the test, the patient must stay still the whole procedure  so the scan can take clear picture of the brain (if memory is being tested the patient  may be asked to read names of letters if memory is being tested).
A GOOD EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF THIS TECHNIQUE: 
cancer cells are very
active in using glucose, so a radiotracer attached to glucose will show up a cancerous brain tumor.
Conversely, brain cells affected by Alzheimer’s disease take up glucose more slowly than other cells, and so the PET scan can also identify these.
Biological approach sample pdf IB diploma psychology.

]]> 2018-10-02 17:59:53 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288296628 Description of the technology https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288296691  An EEG is used to detect problems in the electrical activity of the brain that may be associated with certain brain disorders. The measurements given by an EEG are used to confirm or rule out various conditions, including: seizure disorders (such as epilepsy) ]]> 2018-10-02 17:59:58 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288296691 Uses related to the Brain https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288296785 A radioactive tracer is used and this one binds to molecules naturally used in the brain, such as glucose. An important thing to know about this procedure in the brain is that there are brain areas that are more active than others and therefore they requiere more blood supply, this means that the distribution of the tracer throughout the brain will depend on what regions are mostly in use at the time of the scan.
SOME TRAITS DISEASES THAT CAN DETECTED BY PET SCAN:
-Alzheimer's disease
-Depression 
-Epilepsy
-Head trauma
-Parkinson's diseases
-Metastases]]> 2018-10-02 18:00:07 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288296785 Uses 45052 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288297624 Diffusion Tensor Imaging is a magnetic resonance imagine technique that helps the researchers measure the restricted diffusion of water in organ brain tissue.
It is used for creating a characterisation of the magnitude, anisotropy and orientation of the diffusion tensor. On the other hand interpretations like mean diffusivity, fraction anisotropy, radial diffusely and axial diffusely are common interpretations of common DTI measures.
On the other hand, this DTI technology is used for fiber tracking which uses diffusion tensor to track fibers along their whole length, it starts from the seed region of interest and generally is defined manually, then the fiber tracking algorithm looks for adjacent voxels whose main diffusion direction is in the continuity of the previous one
Fiber tracking(Tractography)

Image of DTI analysing diffusion of the water molecules.]]> 2018-10-02 18:01:14 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288297624 Strengths of this technique https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288297694 -The biggest advantage of this technique is the good spatial resolution that is about 4mm throughout the brain. 
-It is very useful to detect tumor or head traumas as well as other diffuse brain diseases.
-It becomes clear in areas that are affected by the spreading disease.
-It is often use for diagnosing cause of dementias.
-This type of scanners can be so small that, that a Pet scan was built for the size of a rat and it can be worn on his head. this is very useful for research and potentially can lead to a lot of insights into the brain function. ]]> 2018-10-02 18:01:20 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288297694 Strengths 45052 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288297709 Able to pick up tears in white matter that MRI and CAT scans do not pick up
 
-obtains more detailed information from MRI scans and allows us to obtain images of white matter
 
-Can help doctors predict recovery times for concussion patients
 
-Can help solve the mystery of concussions through its deeper and in depth scan of the brain.
 
-Provides excellent details of the brain
 
-Provides a 3D visualization of neuronal pathways
 
-DTI is  an effective tool for comprehensive, noninvasive, functional anatomy mapping of the human brain.
]]> 2018-10-02 18:01:22 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288297709 Uses and description 43431 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288297778 Examination of brain tissue after death is currently the only definitive way to diagnose the specific neurodegenerative disorder of an individual. As well, An early technique to look at the structure of the brain, and from that to infer a correlation with behaviour, is brain autopsy (observation of the structures of a dead brain). It is used on people who while
alive demonstrated some behavioural or cognitive problem.

Although it is tempting to say that it has been
replaced by modern brain imaging, there are still some disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, that cannot
be definitely diagnosed until a brain autopsy has been performed. Scans can show the death of brain
matter, but not identify the exact cause, although a probably diagnosis is usually given.]]> 2018-10-02 18:01:29 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288297778 Limitations 45052 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288297794
-Diffusion images are sensitive to water diffusion that is  in the order of 5-10  μm during the measurment time. If this happnes, images are sometimes full of ghosting due to the water molecules encountering obstacles. In the white matter, some of these obstacles include protein filaments and cell membrane, all of which have strongly aligned structures.
 
-image disortion
 
-low spatial resolution which means a lower amount of pixels so the images may come out blurry at times.
 
-extremely sensitive to motion and can cause misregistration if patient moves. Because of this,DTI requires at least 7 tensor fittings. 
 
-requires extensive computing power, man-hours, and expertise.
]]> 2018-10-02 18:01:30 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288297794 Strengths 43431 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288297807
  • enables researcher to examine deep regions of the brain: hypothalamus, hippocampus
  • allows for more detailed examination of the anatomical and neurochemical aspects of the brain
  • It is a useful method for confirming diagnosis post‐mortem, and this confirmation, once replicated
    enough times, can be generalised to people suffering the same symptoms in their lifetime and possible
    treatment can be initiated.

    • ]]>     2018-10-02 18:01:32 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288297807     Picture 45052 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288297890
    ]]>     2018-10-02 18:01:38 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288297890     Limitations 43431 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288298004
  • Medical expertise and qualifications are needed, and many people do not donate their brains for research, so there is a very limited supply. 
  • Moreover, there is even less likelihood of healthy
    brains being donated, and therefore there is a lack of controlled comparison in some cases.
  • Only inference is possible: the researcher infers from the damage visible in the brain what caused the
    behaviour noted before death. 
  • The brain autopsy is too late to suggest treatment for the patient, though it can be used to suggest treatment for others with similar problems.
  • It is not possible to study brain processes (as there are none), only structure.

    • ]]>     2018-10-02 18:01:48 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288298004     Pictures 43431 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288298087 2018-10-02 18:01:56 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288298087 Limitations of this technique https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288298100 -A big limitation of this technique is that the temporal resolution of the image is only 30-40 seconds, this is a very short period of time, it is so quick to process that it can not be easily detected.
    -The spatial resolution of this technique is being use less and less in the present day due to the existence of non-invasive alternative (fMRI) in which it is not required  the administration of a radioactive chemical. 
    -
     ]]>     2018-10-02 18:01:57 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288298100     Picture #1 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288298579 A pet scan machine ]]> 2018-10-02 18:02:40 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288298579 description: 4471 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288299472 An MRI is a magnetic resonance imaging, so common around the world this machine uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailedimages of the organs and tissues in the body of humans and animals. ]]> 2018-10-02 18:03:56 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288299472 Uses related to the brain https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288299640  An EEG is used to detect problems in the electrical activity of the brain that may be associated with certain brain disorders. The measurements given by an EEG are used to confirm or rule out various conditions, including: seizure disorders such as epilepsy.]]> 2018-10-02 18:04:09 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288299640 uses 4471 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288303089 doctors and reasearches continiue to refine MRI revolutionized assist in medical procedures and research , the development of MRI change medicine.

    since its a non-invasive and painless procedure ]]>     2018-10-02 18:09:22 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288303089     Strenghts of this technique https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288304483 the strenght of this technique is that taking a gander at the electrical movement of neurons that prompts synaptic discharge and the cell correspondence that underlies calculation in the mind. Since these electrical changes are speedy, we can get fine time goals, on the request of milli-or even smaller scale seconds.]]> 2018-10-02 18:11:31 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288304483 Limitations of this technique https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288304623 the limtations of this technique is that for any appropriation of electrical field qualities identified on the scalp, there is an exacting limitlessness of conceivable spatial examples of electrical movement that could have created it. This is exacerbated by the way that the skull is a poor conductor.]]> 2018-10-02 18:11:47 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288304623 Picture # 1 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288304788 2018-10-02 18:12:03 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288304788 brief description https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288304811 2018-10-02 18:12:06 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288304811 pictures https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288304956 2018-10-02 18:12:18 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288304956 limitations https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288305179 2018-10-02 18:12:42 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288305179 pictures https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288305246 2018-10-02 18:12:48 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288305246 strengths https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288305281 2018-10-02 18:12:52 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288305281 Picture# 2 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288425059 2018-10-03 01:34:32 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288425059 Picture # 3 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288425428 2018-10-03 01:37:04 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/288425428 43431 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/289306266 2018-10-04 17:55:29 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/289306266 43431 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/289306571 2018-10-04 17:55:58 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/289306571 43431 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/289306955 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1E8fxQ7bmb86C-cGIkZKBIFL7EJcXpDuE/view

    https://www.theaftd.org/research-clinical-trials/ways-to-participate/brain-autopsy/

    https://ncrad.iu.edu/autopsy_Q_and_A.html

    ]]>     2018-10-04 17:56:39 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/289306955     Description of the Technology https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/289584927 Computerized Axial Tomography scan is used in form of pictures, pictures of the structure of the body coming for a computer which takes data from other previous X-rays and turns them into said pictures. A CAT scan can reveal other structures such as soft tissue (for example) and others that an ordinary X-ray machine can't see. Using the same dosage of radiation as a normal X-ray machine, an entire human body can be visible 100 times with more clarity with the CAT scan,

    References:

    ]]>     2018-10-05 12:59:09 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/289584927     Uses https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/289588944 In the CAT scan, a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help tissues and organs show more clearly. This scan may be used to help diagnose disease, plan treatment, or find out how well a treatment is going.

    References:

    ]]>     2018-10-05 13:07:32 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/289588944     Strengths of CAT scan https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/289592266 Comprehensiveness:
    The CAT scan can record images of bones, soft tissues and blood vessels, as well as offer a lot more advantages over standard X-rays. The diagnostics this scan provides the ability to make surgical biopsy or exploratory surgery. A doctor who needs it has a clear 3D view without having to do any invasive techniques.

    Speed:
    Partial CAT scans take just seconds, a full body scan of the entire human body can be completed in half and hour. This speed helps in finding internal injuries or bleeding quickly enough to be able to save countless lives.

    Fewer Restrictions:
    CAT scans have lest requirements for the patient to be completely motionless, like for example the MRI. Unlike MRI, CAT scans have no prohibition on implanted medical devices.

    References]]>     2018-10-05 13:13:18 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/289592266     Limitations of the CAT Scan https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/289599239 CAT scans are not always available, patient-oriented activities comes to a halt. Medics have started to rely on this machine for diagnoses, it has affected the way they teach medicine. This is being critiqued by many doctors calling it a "uncontrollable urge to rely on sophisticated medical gadgets for diagnoses"

    On the other hand, It can't replace a pertinent medical history or physical examination, can't substitute for examination the spinal fluid, can't provide histologic evidence.

    References:

    ]]>     2018-10-05 13:25:07 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/289599239     Picture #2 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/289738915 some disease detected by PET scan ]]> 2018-10-05 17:18:15 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/289738915 Picture #3 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/289739560 Some traits that can be detected by PET scan ]]> 2018-10-05 17:19:04 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/289739560 Picture #1 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/290063785 2018-10-07 18:14:34 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/290063785 Picture #2 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/290063868 2018-10-07 18:15:06 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/290063868 Picture #3 https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/290063902 2018-10-07 18:15:22 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/290063902 FMRI: functional magnetic reasoning imaging it is a clinical procedure that measures and observes the brain and blood activity, this procedures allow to have a clear  look at the brain regions and the blood flow limitations: it's expensive people in the procedure can hear everything they say outsideyou can't listen to the person inside without having a microphone limited spatial resolution oxygen levels are low compared to the other units most times you can only look at the blood flow strengths: provides a clear visual map of the brainit has no risks and can evaluate the brains safely because it has no radiationeasy to use https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/294658285 2018-10-19 01:17:54 UTC https://padlet.com/tocampogav/ofc7fxoxudn9/wish/294658285