• Participants: Who can you guess are having the conversation?

• Location: Where can the conversation happen?

• Time: When can the conversation happen?

Background Knowledge Context:

• Which food is mentioned in the conversation?

• What do “I guess I will have cheese” and ‘mostly vegetarian’ mean? 

Co-textual context:

• What is the tone of the conversation? (formal or informal, friendly or polite)

• Analyze “How does it compare to last time?” or “It’s possible better”. What are they likely to show? 

B: It’s possibly better.

A: Better.

A: Seems hard to imagine.

B: Well.

A: What did you have?

B: Prosciutto e funghi.

A: Is that it?

B: Mm-hmm.

A: Oh man. That does look good.

A: I guess I will have cheese. Although, I may try a piece of pepperoni even though I’m mostly vegetarian. That’s why I always say ‘mostly’ instead of straight-up vegetarian.

B: I told you. It just wasn’t our business. 

A: I think, when someone hurts someone else, I, I think it is our business.

B: Well, I know it seems that way, but, there was nothing I could do. 

A: Yeah. Mom, if, if everybody did that, then there would be no one to look out for the people who just can’t look out for themselves.

(2) B: So what should I have done? I didn’t want things to get violent.

(3) A: Violence isn’t the worst thing in the world.

(4) B: What is, then?

A: Apathy. 

B: (3) “Wow, how generous you are!”
(4) “But I heard that when they checked the donations, it wasn’t exactly 5 million... more like 500,000.”

A: (5) “Oh, maybe there was a mistake in the transfer details.”
(6) “But still, it’s the thought that counts?”

B: (7) “Yeah, I guess.”
(8) “Though, some people might say the amount still matters, especially if it's for charity.”

A: (9) “True... but I was just trying to inspire others to donate as well.”
(10) “Maybe the post got people thinking, which is more important than the actual number.”

B:  (11) “I see. But do you think being honest about the donation might inspire even more?”

Direct Speech Act: "Can you help me with my project?"
Indirect Speech Act: 

2: Inviting Someone to an Event

Direct Speech Act: "Would you like to come to Negav’s concert with me?"
Indirect Speech Act: 

3: Expressing Displeasure About a Situation

Direct Speech Act: "I don’t like how you handled that."
Indirect Speech Act: 

4: Requesting Someone to Lower Their Voice

Direct Speech Act: "Please be quieter."
Indirect Speech Act:

5: Suggesting a Change in Plans

Direct Speech Act: "Let’s change our plans."
Indirect Speech Act: 

• Friends

• Garden

• Lunch - During a meal

Background context

• Prosciutto e funghi - mushroom pizza

• She's not a dedicated vegetarian

Co-textual context

• Informal, friendly

• They are comparing their current experience (taste of the prosciutto e funghi) to their previous experience

• Participants: 3 friends

• Location: in a garden

• Time: daytime

Background Knowledge Context:

• food which is mentioned in the conversation: pizza

• What do “I guess I will have cheese” and ‘mostly vegetarian’ mean? 

  It means vegetarians do not eat cheese.

Co-textual context:

• What is the tone of the conversation? informal and friendly

• Analyze “How does it compare to last time?” or “It’s possible better”. What are they likely to show? 

  They show the food that they eat this time is better than that previously.

- Situational context:

+ The conversation happens between a husband and a wife

+ The conversation happens in a backyard

+ The conversation happens during lunch

- Bg knowledge:

+ proscitutto e funghi, cheese, pepperoni are mentioned in the conversation

+ It means that there's window for dairy products (e.g. cheese) because the speaker is not entirely vegan

- Co-textual context:

+ informal, friendly

+ they've had this dish before

• Participants: between group of friends

• Location: backyard, outdoor

• Time: meal time/lunch time

Background knowledge:

• Pizzas

• uncertainty about life choices

Co-textual:

• informal, friendly

• They had pizza better and not as good as this time

- Participants: The conversation seems to be family members

- Location: This conversation could take place in a garden

- Time: Possibly around lunchtime

Background Knowledge Context:

- Food Mentioned: The foods mentioned include "Prosciutto e funghi" (a type of pizza with prosciutto and mushrooms) and cheese, as well as pepperoni.

- Meanings:

- "I guess I will have cheese": This indicates the speaker's tentative decision about what to order, suggesting they may be unsure or open to other options.

- "Mostly vegetarian": This phrase implies that the speaker follows a primarily vegetarian diet but occasionally consumes meat, reflecting a flexible approach to their dietary choices.

Co-textual Context:

- Tone of the Conversation: The tone is informal and friendly

- Analysis of Phrases:

- "How does it compare to last time?": This question suggests familiarity with past experiences, indicating that the participants have likely dined together before and are reflecting on previous meals.

- "It's possibly better": This response implies a positive assessment while maintaining some uncertainty, indicating the speaker's hope or expectation that the current experience will be more enjoyable than the last.

 • Locutionary act: Describe the fact that the mother didn’t help a woman at the grocery store.

 • Illocutionary act: Express disappointment for not helping.

 • Perlocutionary act: The listener may feel guilty or urged to explain their actions.

(2) “Violence isn’t the worst thing in the world.”

 • Locutionary act: The statement minimizes the significance violence.

 • Illocutionary act: Dismissing violence as less serious than other problems.

 • Perlocutionary act: The listener may be surprised or disagree, which encourages further discussion.

(3) “So what should I have done? I didn’t want things to get violent.”

 • Locutionary act: Ask for advice and explain reluctance to act.

 • Illocutionary act: Explain for inaction.

 • Perlocutionary act: The listener may feel empathy. 

4) “What is, then?”

 • Locutionary act: Ask a question about what is worse than violence.

 • Illocutionary act: Seek clarification or an alternative answer.

 • Perlocutionary act: The listener may feel the urge to explain or offer an opinion. 

Locutionary act: The speaker refers to the fact that the listener didn't do anything to help the woman

Illocutionary act: Disappointment of the speakers for them not helping the woman,

perlocutionary act: "I told you, it just wasn't our business" not intented to help the woman eventhough the speech

(2) “So what should I have done? I didn’t want things to get violent.”

• Locutionary act: the speaker shows reluctant to take action by giving out the reason.

• Illocutionary act: Seeking validation or justification for inaction.

• Perlocutionary act: show slightly oppose of the speech, show validation for his own opinion

• Locutionary act: Describe the fact that the mother didn’t help a woman at the grocery store.

• Illocutionary act: Express disappointment for not helping.

• Perlocutionary act: The listener may feel guilty or urged to explain their actions.

(2) “Violence isn’t the worst thing in the world.”

• Locutionary act: The statement minimizes the significance violence.

• Illocutionary act: Dismissing violence as less serious than other problems.

• Perlocutionary act: The listener may be surprised or disagree, which encourages further discussion.

(3) “So what should I have done? I didn’t want things to get violent.”

• Locutionary act: Ask for advice and explain reluctance to act.

• Illocutionary act: Explain for inaction.

• Perlocutionary act: The listener may feel empathy.

4) “What is, then?”

• Locutionary act: Ask a question about what is worse than violence.

• Illocutionary act: Seek clarification or an alternative answer.

• Perlocutionary act: The listener may feel the urge to explain or offer an opinion.

Function: Question

(3) Direct speech act:

Structural form: exclamatory

Function: exclamation

(4) Indirect speech act:

Structural form: Declarative

Function: Question

(6) Indirect speech act

Structural form: Interrogative

Function: Statement

(11) Indirect speech act

Structural form: Interrogative

Function: request

(3) direct (exclamatory - exclamation)

(4) direct (declarative - statement)

(6) indirect (declarative - question)

(11) indiẻct (interrogative - statement)

(3) direct (exclamatory - exclamation)

(4) direct (declarative - statement)

(6) indirect (declarative - question)

(11) indirect (interrogative - statement)

InDirect Speech Act: "Can you help me with my project?"
Direct Speech Act: Help me with my project!

2: Inviting Someone to an Event

Direct Speech Act: "Would you like to come to Negav’s concert with me?"
Indirect Speech Act: Let's come to Negav's concert

3: Expressing Displeasure About a Situation

Direct Speech Act: "I don’t like how you handled that."
Indirect Speech Act: Why did you handle like that?

4: Requesting Someone to Lower Their Voice

Direct Speech Act: "Please be quieter."
Indirect Speech Act: Can you be quieter?

5: Suggesting a Change in Plans

Direct Speech Act: "Let’s change our plans."
Indirect Speech Act: Our plans has some mistakes.

Indirect Speech Act: "Can you help me with my project?"

Direct Speech Act: Help me with my project!

2: Inviting Someone to an Event

Indirect Speech Act: "Would you like to come to Negav’s concert with me?"

Direct Speech Act: Come to Negav’s concert with me.

3: Expressing Displeasure About a Situation

Indirect Speech Act: "I don’t like how you handled that."

Direct Speech Act: Why did you handle like that?

4: Requesting Someone to Lower Their Voice

Direct Speech Act: "Please be quieter."

Indirect Speech Act: Could you please be quieter?

5: Suggesting a Change in Plans

Direct Speech Act: "Let’s change our plans."

Indirect Speech Act: What about changing our plans?

(2) flouting maxim of manner

(3) flouting maxim of quantity

(4) violating maxim of relation

(5) violating maxim of quality

(6) flouting maxim of manner

(7) flouting maxim of quantity

2. Maxim of manner

3. Maxim of manner

4. Maxim of relation

5. Maxim of quality

6. Maxim of relation

7. Maxim of quantity

C2: manner

C3: quantity

C4: manner

C5: quality

C6: manner

C7: quantity

2 - flout - manner

3- violate - quality

4- flout - relation

5 - violate - quality

6 - flout - relation

7 - flout - quantity