History of American Education by

History of American Education by https://padlet.com/michaelpcicione/ob2rmt7u4sloaesj Brown V Board of Education en-us 2022-06-08 00:36:54 UTC 2022-06-12 15:10:46 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/1726044072/4ad01b0b13bd6dc7f4eae999ad008417/1500x750_ed_brown_cover.jpg What is Brown v. Board of Education? michaelpcicione https://padlet.com/michaelpcicione/ob2rmt7u4sloaesj/wish/2217877593 Brown v. Board of Education was a name used to describe multiple cases that were consolidated after reaching the Supreme Court, all based on schools segregating white and African American students. Though each case was different, they all existed under the same concept: the constitutionality of state-sponsored segregation. The cases were all handled by Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP. The primary purpose of these cases was to address whether or not segregated schools were truly equal. The “equal protection clause” of the Fourteenth Amendment was challenged. When showing the results of sociological tests, arguments were raised on whether or not black children were treated as inferior to white children. If so, segregation in schools shall be deemed illegal.

https://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/history-brown-v-board-education-re-enactment]]> 2022-06-10 23:20:27 UTC https://padlet.com/michaelpcicione/ob2rmt7u4sloaesj/wish/2217877593 Briggs v. Elliott michaelpcicione https://padlet.com/michaelpcicione/ob2rmt7u4sloaesj/wish/2217880705 Twenty parents, led by Harry Briggs, brought suit against R.W. Elliott (the school board president for Clarendon, South Carolina.) School buses were provided to white students only. Petitions were formed to expand the provisions of buses to black students, but they were ignored entirely. The resulting suit challenged segregation as a whole. Parent plaintiffs were recruited with the help of a school principal, Reverend J.A. DeLaine, and the NAACP, led by Thurgood Marshall. In the fall of 1950, Briggs v. Marshall reached the U.S. District Court. Even though evidence was presented to prove African American schools' negative psychological effects on children, the three-judge panel denied requests to abolish segregation. DeLaine and Briggs both lost their jobs due to involvement in the case. The case was then appealed to the Supreme Court and consolidated into Brown v. Board of Education.

https://www.nps.gov/brvb/learn/historyculture/socarolina.htm

]]> 2022-06-10 23:28:32 UTC https://padlet.com/michaelpcicione/ob2rmt7u4sloaesj/wish/2217880705 Davis v. Prince Edward County (VA.) michaelpcicione https://padlet.com/michaelpcicione/ob2rmt7u4sloaesj/wish/2217904670 In Farmville, VA, hundreds of students at Moton High School decided to take on the fight for a new building that would include indoor plumbing, a gymnasium, a cafeteria, and an infirmary. Parents also joined the battle by requesting improvements to the original school building but ended up with no results. Barbara Rose Johns led the fight by starting a two-week strike. Then, she and her classmate, Carrie Stokes, decided to contact the NAACP for legal counsel. When the NAACP agreed to join, by a fluke, the first name listed for the school, Dorothy Davis, ended up being named in the case, even though John’s was the lead plaintiff. It was decided that the plaintiffs wanted to overturn the state law that mandated segregation in Virginia. The three-judge district court panel rejected the case and stated, “We have found no hurt or harm to either race.” NAACP attorneys filed an appeal with the Supreme Court, which was then consolidated into Brown v. Board of Education.

https://brown65.the74million.org/davisvprince]]> 2022-06-11 00:48:00 UTC https://padlet.com/michaelpcicione/ob2rmt7u4sloaesj/wish/2217904670 Bolling v. Sharpe michaelpcicione https://padlet.com/michaelpcicione/ob2rmt7u4sloaesj/wish/2218157863 After construction was completed for John Philip Sousa Junior High School in Washington D.C., Gardner Bishop and the Consolidated Parents Group, Inc. attempted to have 11 African American students admitted. They were denied, even though the school had multiple empty classrooms available. They sought legal representation from the NAACP. Feeling the sole issue of the case was based upon segregation, James Narbrit decided not to present evidence to prove the schools represented within the case were inferior to those of white students when presented to the U.S. District Court. The case was dismissed due to the ruling of a recent case that decided segregated schools were constitutional within the District of Columbia. When an appeal was filed, the U.S. Supreme Court was interested in adopting the case as part of Brown v. Board of Education.

https://www.nps.gov/brvb/learn/historyculture/districtofcolumbia.htm]]> 2022-06-11 14:14:10 UTC https://padlet.com/michaelpcicione/ob2rmt7u4sloaesj/wish/2218157863 Belton v. Gebhart michaelpcicione https://padlet.com/michaelpcicione/ob2rmt7u4sloaesj/wish/2218183104 The case of Belton v. Gebhart was formed when parents of African American students, including Ethel Belton, who attended Howard High School in Claymont (a suburb of Wilmington,) Delaware, started to voice their frustrations due to having to travel 20 miles round trip to reach the school. During the daily route, parents would pass Claymont High School, an adequately maintained all-white school. Along with distance being an issue, class sizes, teacher qualifications, and an incomplete curriculum were also of concern. Also, students who wanted to expand their education to vocational training had to walk multiple blocks from the school regardless of weather conditions. Parents of these students achieved legal counsel from attorney Louis Redding. He urged the parents to voice their frustrations to state education officials. They were denied any change. Redding then agreed to take the case. Redding and the eight parents of students who attended Howard High School challenged the State Board of Education. Judge Collin Seitz ruled that the “separate but equal” doctrine was violated in the community of Claymont. As a result, only the plaintiffs of the case were immediately given allowance to attend Claymont High School. This case was combined with Bulah v. Gebhart when it reached the Supreme Court and consolidated with Brown v. Board of Education.

https://brownvboard.org/content/brown-case-belton-v-gebhart

]]> 2022-06-11 15:12:52 UTC https://padlet.com/michaelpcicione/ob2rmt7u4sloaesj/wish/2218183104 Bulah v. Gebhart michaelpcicione https://padlet.com/michaelpcicione/ob2rmt7u4sloaesj/wish/2218200035 The case of Bulah v. Gebhart was formed when Sarah Bulah wanted school bus transportation provided for her adopted African American daughter while she attended school in Hockessin, a district located within New Castle County, Delaware. The school was a small one-room schoolhouse located two miles from home. Sarah Bulah would witness a school bus carrying white children pass her house to a school that was much more equipped for education. She decided to write to the Department of Public Instruction and the governor of Delaware. They both confirmed that no transportation would be allowed for African American children. Joining with the parents representing the plaintiffs of Belton v. Gebhart, Bulah recruited Louis Redding for legal counsel. After the ruling for Belton v. Gebhart, Redding decided to combine both cases and head to the Supreme Court. Belton (Bulah) v. Gebhart was then consolidated with Brown v. Board of Education.

https://brown65.the74million.org/beltonvgebhart

]]> 2022-06-11 15:54:02 UTC https://padlet.com/michaelpcicione/ob2rmt7u4sloaesj/wish/2218200035 Brown v. Education of Topeka (U.S. District Court of Kansas) michaelpcicione https://padlet.com/michaelpcicione/ob2rmt7u4sloaesj/wish/2218208896 When Linda Brown of Topeka, Kansas, was denied entry to the all-white elementary schools in her area, her father, Oliver Brown, filed a class-action lawsuit against the Board of Education of Topeka. Brown stated within his lawsuit that African American schools were not equal to all-white schools. He argued that segregation violated the “equal protection clause” of the Fourteenth Amendment. The case would reach the U.S. District Court of Kansas. The court agreed that public school segregation did indeed have detrimental effects on African American students and contributed to “a sense of inferiority” but ruled that the “separate but equal” doctrine would remain upheld. This case has been described as the most famous case of school segregation and ended up being consolidated with multiple other cases when it reached the Supreme Court, all under the name of Brown v. Board of Education.

https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka

]]> 2022-06-11 16:12:41 UTC https://padlet.com/michaelpcicione/ob2rmt7u4sloaesj/wish/2218208896 Brown v. Board of Education (U.S. Supreme Court) michaelpcicione https://padlet.com/michaelpcicione/ob2rmt7u4sloaesj/wish/2218220733 The NAACP decided to challenge the segregation of schools in multiple states. Claiming that the education offered to African American students was significantly inferior to those of white children, a class-action lawsuit was formed, arguing segregation violated the Fourteenth Amendment. When multiple cases against segregation in multiple states were one-by-one ruled against the plaintiffs, it was decided to appeal the cases to the Supreme Court. These cases were then consolidated under Brown v. Board of Education. With the help of attorney Thurgood Marshall, plaintiffs of three previous cases appealed directly to the supreme court. The case was argued on December 9th, 1952, and December 8th, 1953. Questions arose on whether or not those who framed the Fourteenth Amendment would have realized the inconsistencies of racial segregation. With the help of psychological research and research on the true nature of segregated schools, Chief Justice Earl Warren determined and argued that “separate but equal” facilities were, in fact, unequal. He also argued that segregated schools violated due process of law. After multiple court dates over the course of three years, on May 31st, Chief Justice Warren ordered district courts and local authorities to start integrating public schools “with all deliberate speed.”

https://www.britannica.com/event/Brown-v-Board-of-Education-of-Topeka/Decision

]]> 2022-06-11 16:44:58 UTC https://padlet.com/michaelpcicione/ob2rmt7u4sloaesj/wish/2218220733 Today michaelpcicione https://padlet.com/michaelpcicione/ob2rmt7u4sloaesj/wish/2218230178 The U.S. Supreme Court decision of Brown v. Board of Education significantly impacted the inclusiveness of education we have today. This court case paved the way for not only school integration but the integration of African Americans in all aspects of society. Without Brown v. Board of Education, the Civil Rights Movement may have never been sparked with such strength. By having the rights of African American children upheld by the Supreme Court and the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution, a huge movement within the communities of African Americans grew. Today’s schools have changed significantly after the massive shift to allow African American students to attend.
There is still work that needs to be done to continue the proper integration of public schools. Primarily children were protected as a result of Brown v. Board of Education. Teachers were rarely mentioned, and this has caused an impact on how they are still being underpaid and under-represented, resulting in negative repercussions for academic success when it comes to African American students. Though issues are still being brought to the forefront regarding the education of African American students, arguments can now be solved much more quickly due to the impact of Brown v. Board of Education. Schools have reached milestone after milestone when it comes to promoting equality and inclusiveness. People no longer have to feel as if their misrepresentation is not being addressed. When problems with our school systems arise, students and parents are now much more protected by the law and society. The result is school systems that genuinely accept everyone for who they are.

https://www.wheaton.edu/news/recent-news/2018/april/the-impact-of-brown-v-board-of-education/

]]> 2022-06-11 17:11:38 UTC https://padlet.com/michaelpcicione/ob2rmt7u4sloaesj/wish/2218230178 References michaelpcicione https://padlet.com/michaelpcicione/ob2rmt7u4sloaesj/wish/2218235840 Belton v. Gebhart. (n.d.). Brown v. Board. https://brown65.the74million.org/beltonvgebhart

Bolling v. Sharpe - Brown v. Board of Education National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service). (n.d.). National Park Service. https://www.nps.gov/brvb/learn/historyculture/districtofcolumbia.htm

Briggs v. Elliott - Brown v. Board of Education National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service). (n.d.). National Park Service. https://www.nps.gov/brvb/learn/historyculture/socarolina.htm

Brown Case - Belton v. Gebhart. (n.d.). Brown Foundation. https://brownvboard.org/content/brown-case-belton-v-gebhart

Brown v. Board of Education - Decision. (n.d.). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Brown-v-Board-of-Education-of-Topeka/Decision

Davis v. Prince Edward County. (n.d.). Brown v. Board. https://brown65.the74million.org/davisvprince

History - Brown v. Board of Education Re-enactment. (n.d.). United States Courts. https://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/history-brown-v-board-education-re-enactment

History.com Editors. (2022, January 11). Brown v. Board of Education. HISTORY. https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka

Wheaton College. (2018, April 3). The Impact of Brown v. Board of Education. https://www.wheaton.edu/news/recent-news/2018/april/the-impact-of-brown-v-board-of-education/]]> 2022-06-11 17:28:16 UTC https://padlet.com/michaelpcicione/ob2rmt7u4sloaesj/wish/2218235840