First Language

• The language used by a person since they started to speak.

• Spoken inside the house

• Acquired through the surroundings.

• Could be our identity

• Culture

Second Language

• Learning other language

• Fruit of labor

• An interest or a need when you go to other countries

Macro and Micro

Micro Linguistics

• Basic elememts of language

• sounds, structure, and meaning

Fields of Micro Linguistic

• Phonetics - Physical production of sounds.

• Phonology - History and theory of speech sound in a language.

• Morphology - The use of words and their parts or 'morphemes'.

• Syntax - The arrangement of words and phrases in a specific order.

• Semantics - The study of meaning in language

• Pragmantics - The study of how context contributes to meaning.

Macro Linguistics

• Branch of linguistics

• Field of study concerned with language in its broadest sense

Key Elements of Macro Linguistics

Psycholinguistics

• Investigates the cognitive processes involved in language acquisition, comprehension, and production.

Sociolinguistics

• Examines how language varies depending on social factors like class, gender, ethnicity, and geographical location.

Neurolinguistics

• The field of study that examines the connection between the brain and language.

Discourse Analysis

• Analyzes language use in extended stretches of speech or text, considering the context and communicative function beyond individual sentences.

Computational Linguistics

• Focuses on the system or concept that machines can be computed to understand, learn, or output languages.

Applied Linguistics

• A field of study that looks at how linguistics can help understand real-life problems in areas such as psychology, sociology and education.

World English

• Standardized form of English.

• "Global English".

• Variously used throughout the world.

• Used in business, trade, diplomacy and other spheres of global activity,

World Englishes

• Different varieties of English.

• “Dialects” of English.

• Own unique features, grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation.

Nativization Continuum of World

Englishes (NCWEs)

Diffusion

• English is spread as a result of colonization, globalization or by any other means.

Induction

• English is officially accepted as a language used for education, trade, communication, so on.

Customization

• L1 and other local languages start to reshape English slowly by giving it a local touch. Indigenous words form and structure get incorporated into English.

Native Recognition

• People start to use English unconsciously without associating with its parent varieties

KACHRU’S CONCENTRIC CIRCLE

• A model that shows how English has spread across the world.

The three circles

Inner Circle

Countries where English is the native language, such as the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. English is used in daily life and government institutions.

Outer Circle

Countries where English is not the native language, but is important in certain contexts. These countries often have historical ties to the British Empire, such as India, Singapore, and Pakistan.

Expanding Circle

Countries where English is not important and is often learned as a foreign language, such as China, Russia, and Brazil.

PHILIPPINE ENGLISH

What is Philippine English?

• A legitimate nativized variety of English. It is the language used by Filipinos in controlling domains such as science and technology, the judiciary, the legislature, bureaucracy, higher education, scholarly discourse, and the like.

About Philippine English

• English is one of the two official languages of the Philippines, along with Filipino.

• Distinctive features of pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and discourse determined by the native languages and culture of its Filipino speakers

Multilingualism

• The ability of societies, institutions, groups and individuals to engage, on a regular basis, with more than one language in their day-to-day lives.

CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED IN MULTILINGUAL CLASSROOM

• Students who don’t have an English language background are more likely to be passive listeners in school and don’t participate actively in classroom discussions or activities.

•Evaluation is frequently done in an international language (English), in which the students are not well versed.

• Multilingual students often lack confidence in using English due to a reluctance to make mistakes.