Astronomy and Astrophysics by Shanthan Kumar

The reference which I will be using for this is "A Brief History Of Time" by "Stephen Hawking".

f2015672 — 2015-09-21 15:59:13 UTC

Book Name-A Brief History Of Time

Author-Stephen Hawking

Year Of Publication- 1988

Publisher- Bantam Dell Publishers

Place Of Publication- New York

-Shanthan Kumar

Brief Summary

f2015672 — 2015-09-21 16:19:16 UTC

This book which I have chosen deals with the change of ideologies of people regarding universe with the time . Many theories have tried to explain the universe part wise, but none of them could explain it as a whole .

This continues with the various theories which were proposed by different scientists and the drawbacks which came due to them.

Physicists continue to seek a complete, unified theory of the universe, although this may not be possible to discover. The driving motivation is the thirst for knowledge, while another human motivation, the discomfort of uncertainty, resists the discovery of what may be taken as the mind of God. The author is fully aware of what scientific discovery means to the world's religions that cling to older models of the universe, and mentions this often. The author uses humour and friendly tone to make it interesting.

-Shanthan Kumar

Big Bang and Formation Of Earth

f2015672 — 2015-09-21 16:55:42 UTC

This Video is just to show that how big bang has taken place and created the known universe

-Shanthan Kumar

Mechanical Engineering In Astronomy

f2015672 — 2015-09-21 17:19:24 UTC

I will even explore and suggest some innovative ideas of using mechanical engineering in the field of astronomy, basically related to the machinery and equipment which are used in this field.

- Shanthan Kumar

Idea Of Wormholes

f2015672 — 2015-09-21 18:47:00 UTC

-Shanthan Kumar

Journal

f2015672 — 2015-09-22 13:09:40 UTC

This gives a short idea how the universe was created and discusses different stages of a star.

-Shanthan Kumar

My Reference for the project, "The Theory Of Everything " by "Stephen Hawking"

f2015021 — 2015-09-24 15:50:06 UTC

Book Name-The Theory Of Everything

Author-Stephen Hawking

Year Of Publication-2006

Publisher-Jaico Publishers

Place of publication-Mumbai

-Bhavitej

Quick Summary

f2015021 — 2015-09-24 15:56:28 UTC

This deals with a quick discussion of our universe from big bang to black holes.

This describes how Newton's and Einstein's theories of gravity led to the conclusion that universe should be either expanding or contracting.

This also deals with the black holes that are formed when a massive star or an even larger body collapses into itself under its own gravitational pull.

This also tells that quantum mechanics allows energy to leak out of black holes.

The author tries to find a unified theory that will include quantum mechanics, gravity and all other interactions of physics

-Bhavitej (2015A7PS021H)

History Of Universe

f2015021 — 2015-09-24 15:57:29 UTC

This shows you how universe was formed.

-Bhavitej

Shanthan Kumar

f2015672 — 2015-09-24 16:15:20 UTC

Bhavitej, how is it possible to find such a type of theory which include both quantum and classical mechanics at the same time, which actually contradict each other?

Bhavitej

f2015021 — 2015-09-24 16:22:59 UTC

Shanthan, can you please summarize your journal too

Summary of my journal- Shanthan

f2015672 — 2015-09-24 16:51:00 UTC

Well my journal is basically about the formation of universe, how the bigbang has occurred.

It even describes the life of a star from its birth to death.

it discusses the conditions to form a black hole or for a supernova to occur.

It even discusses the different stages of the supernova and proves mathematically the conditions for it to exists.

Shanthan

f2015672 — 2015-09-24 16:58:48 UTC

Shanthan

f2015672 — 2015-09-24 16:58:48 UTC

Bhavitej, how do you explain this to the public who are not aware of all this but need some requirements from this?

Gamma Ray bursts

f2015274_ — 2015-09-24 17:41:28 UTC

Talk by Edo Berger (Hardvard univ.)
-Sayan Ray

f2015274_ — 2015-09-24 17:46:46 UTC

The Astropysical Journal

f2015274_ — 2015-09-24 17:47:06 UTC

The Astrophysical journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of Astrophysics.
-Sayan Ray

Summary

f2015274_ — 2015-09-24 17:53:19 UTC

Gamma Ray bursts are the biggest explosions after the Big Bang.It pushes observational astronomy to it's limits.These were discovered by accident,yet it managed to grab most of the leading astrophysicists' attention.Gamma rays are very high energy waves with the wavelength equal to the size of an atomic nuclei.Initially it was thought that gamma rays were emitted only by nuclear explosions.But then satellites detected similar high energy radiations coming from outer space.With the help of red shifts ,it was determined that these are billions of lights years away almost on the edge of the universe.There are two ways of producing such gamma rays.
1)Degrading of massive stars into blackholes
2)Collision of two neutron stars.
These gamma ray bursts are bright enough to be brighter than the entire universe when they occur.

-Sayan Ray

My interests...

f2015274_ — 2015-09-24 17:55:13 UTC

My interests are mainly centric about gamma ray burst.
-Sayan

If gamma rays hitthe earth...

f2015274_ — 2015-09-24 18:00:28 UTC

Every few seconds, a supernova emits jets of deadly gamma rays somewhere in the universe. If one of these gamma ray bursts should happen sufficiently close to the solar system, all life would perish.
-Sayan

Answer -Bhavi tej

f2015274_ — 2015-09-24 18:02:59 UTC

Physics has been classified into quantum mechanics and classical mechanics just for our ease. But we can generalise that classical mechanics is an ideal situation of quantum mechanics.I mean quantum mechanics can be extended to explain classical mechanics under certain constraints and conditions.

Answer-

f2015274_ — 2015-09-24 18:09:47 UTC

Those people who need basic requirements can refer to the book 'The grand design' by Stephen Hawking.

Bhavi tej

f2015274_ — 2015-09-24 18:13:00 UTC

Sayan ,if gamma ray burst were to happen in our neighbouring Andromeda galaxy,what would be the consequences on earth?

f2015672 — 2015-09-25 03:45:31 UTC

Bhavitej-2015A7PS021H

Sayan Ray-2015AAPS274H

Shanthan Kumar-2015ABPS672H

f2015672 — 2015-09-25 03:45:32 UTC

Bhavitej

Formation Of A Star.

f2015672 — 2015-09-25 18:19:30 UTC

This video gives us a short explanation on my journal. Its explains in short about the life cycle of a star, beginning from its birth to death and conditions to form a black hole or a supernova to take place.

Explains the fusion reaction which takes place in a star and how it emits energy from it.

-Shanthan Kumar

Answer

f2015274_ — 2015-09-26 02:04:13 UTC

Bhavi Tej,the chances of a gamma ray burst taking place anywhere near our milky way are close to zero,and if it were to take place anywhere nearby then yeah,lifeform could be destroyed.

Formation of black holes

f2015021 — 2015-09-27 08:29:00 UTC

-Bhavitej

Time travel in black hole

f2015021 — 2015-09-27 08:34:10 UTC

-Bhavitej

A Brief History Of Time in short

f2015672 — 2015-09-27 15:47:34 UTC

This video explains my reference book in short. Its a video from the youtube channel minute physics. Mr. Neil deGrasse Tyson explains the reference.

-Shanthan Kumar

Closest and Brightest gamma rays recorded.

f2015274_ — 2015-09-29 09:56:05 UTC

The brightest ever recorded gamma rays promise to reveal the secret behind the production of gamma rays.

-Sayan Ray

New Terminology

f2015672 — 2015-10-03 04:27:44 UTC

Supernova Remnant-supernova remnant is the structure resulting from the explosion of a star in a supernova.
Interstellar- between the stars.
Supersonic- involving or denoting a speed greater than that of sound.

-Shanthan Kumar

Mind Puzzlers - Shanthan Kumar

f2015672 — 2015-10-05 08:30:17 UTC

Which planet is approximately thirty times farther from the Sun than Earth is?

Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune

Ans-4. Neptune

Which object is located at one foci of the elliptical orbit of Mars?

Sun
Earth
Mercury
Moon

Ans- 1. Sun

Summer days in New York State are likely to be hotter than winter days because in summer

Earth is closer to the Sun
the number of sunspots increases
Earth’s northern axis is tilted toward the Sun
the Sun gives off more energy

Ans-3

Amutha

amutha_a1 — 2015-10-05 08:41:10 UTC

This padlet is interesting!

Questioners - Bhavitej

f2015021 — 2015-10-05 08:59:02 UTC

Q.1 Which observation provides the best evidence that Earth rotates?

The position of the planets among the stars changes during the year.
The location of the constellations in relationship to Polaris changes from month to month.
The length of the shadow cast by a flagpole at noontime changes from season to season.
The direction of swing of a freely swinging pendulum changes during the day.

Correct Answer Number: 4
Q.2 The best evidence that Earth spins on its axis is provided by

variations in atmospheric density
apparent shifts in the swing of a Foucault pendulum
changes in the position of sunspots on the Sun
eclipses of the Moon

Correct Answer Number: 2

Q.3A cycle of Moon phases can be seen from Earth because the

Moon’s distance from Earth changes at a predictable rate
Moon’s axis is tilted
Moon spins on its axis
Moon revolves around Earth

Correct Answer Number: 4

Q.4 Energy is transferred from the Sun to Earth mainly by

molecular collisions
density currents
electromagnetic waves
red shifts

Correct Answer Number: 3

Vocabulary - Bhavitej

f2015021 — 2015-10-05 09:07:14 UTC

Chandrashekhar Limit- 1.4 times mass of the sun.
Wormhole- a shortcut through which long distances can be travelled in space time.

Dark Matter-it is a hypothetical kind of matter that cannot be seen with telescopes but would account for most of the matter in the universe.

Wormholes

f2015021 — 2015-10-05 09:17:01 UTC

Bhavitej

Darkmatter and Darkenergy

f2015021 — 2015-10-05 09:18:31 UTC

Bhavitej

Article on Dark matter

f2015021 — 2015-10-05 09:20:15 UTC

Bhavitej

Re

f2015021 — 2015-10-05 09:24:06 UTC

Research Paper on Darkmatter

f2015021 — 2015-10-05 09:24:08 UTC

Bhavitej

Einstein's idea on worm holes and Black holes.

f2015672 — 2015-10-05 12:12:58 UTC

This video is an addition info. regarding the black holes and wormholes and also describes Einstein's idea on this.

-Shanthan Kumar

Black Holes as Time Machines

f2015672 — 2015-10-05 12:21:08 UTC

This video shows us how the blackholes result in slowing of time.

-Shanthan Kumar

Mind quests-Sayan

f2015274_ — 2015-10-05 15:14:22 UTC

1)Why are we humans not constantly bombarded with GRBs(gamma ray bursts)?
a)GRBs lose their intensity with time and distance
b)GRBs have a very focused directional path.
c)GRBs are sucked in by the black holes.
d)GRBs hit us all the time but it does not affect us in anyway.
ANSWER-b

2)How many kinds of GRBs are produced in nature?
a)one
b)two
c)three
d)five
ANSWER-b

3)What is the maximum GRBs' distance possible from earth today?
a)100 years
b)10 million light years
c)10 billion light years
d)16 billion light years
ANSWER-d

4)which of the following helps us determine precisely where the GRB was emmited from?
a)redshift
b)blueshift
c)afterglow frequency
d)none
ANSWER-a

An article on gamma rays

f2015274_ — 2015-10-05 15:34:07 UTC

http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/12_gammarays.html

-sayan

Metric Expansion of Space

f2015274_ — 2015-10-05 15:36:29 UTC

Our universe has an entirely different way of expanding and what's interesting is that the rate of expansion is not constant!

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_expansion_of_space

vocabulary-sayan

f2015274_ — 2015-10-05 17:39:04 UTC

neutron star-A compact star that forms due to the collapse of a massive star

Supernova-An explosion that outshines an entire galaxy.

Afterglow-The glow of a star a long time after its burst.

Rockets

f2015672 — 2015-10-06 10:06:17 UTC

As promised earlier that I would discuss about the application of mechanical engineering in this astronomy field, I would like to present it.

My main moto is to show ways to improve the rockets and discuss their launching procedure.

Here is an article from NASA , an introduction to rockets.

-Shanthan Kumar

How does a rocket work?

f2015672 — 2015-10-06 10:12:55 UTC

Like many other engines, a rocket produces thrust by burning fuel. Most rocket engines turn the fuel into hot gas. Pushing the gas out of the back of the engine makes the rocket move forward.

Then later in its journey it uses basic physics laws to go forward. It starts losing its mass to go forward with a higher speed and carries satellites with it.

-Shanthan Kumar

Advancements in rocket Technology

f2015672 — 2015-10-06 10:17:13 UTC

There is a great need to have advancements in this technology as we are evolving with time along with our needs.

To fulfil these needs we have to improve our technology too.

For ex.

The Fuel Crisis- To control the usage of fuel we need to develop new techniques like some magnetic motion which can attract a rocket into space .

-Shanthan Kumar

History and locations of various telescopes in world

f2015021 — 2015-10-06 10:36:05 UTC

-Bhavi tej

Hubble telescope's skelton

f2015021 — 2015-10-06 10:40:30 UTC

Viewing telescope

f2015021 — 2015-10-06 10:48:21 UTC

APPLICATIONS

f2015021 — 2015-10-06 10:51:48 UTC

ROCKETS
TELESCOPES
SPACE SHUTTLES

BRAINSTORMING - Bhavi tej

f2015021 — 2015-10-06 10:58:45 UTC

I say that the universe is expanding so sufficiently
slowly that the gravitational attraction between the different galaxies causes the expansion to slow down and eventually to stop. The galaxies then start to move toward each other and the universe contracts. The distance between two neighboring galaxies starts at zero, increases to a maximum, and then decreases back down to zero again.

REASON:
If we add up the masses of all the stars that we can see in our galaxy and other galaxies, the total is less than one-hundredth of the amount required to halt the expansion of the universe, even in the lowest estimate of the rate of expansion. But we know that our galaxy and other galaxies must contain a large amount of dark matter which we cannot see directly, but which we know must be there because of the influence of its gravitational attraction on the orbits of stars and gas in the galaxies. Moreover, most galaxies are found in clusters, and we can similarly infer the presence of yet more dark matter in between the galaxies in these clusters by its effect on the motion of the galaxies. When we add up all this dark matter, we still get only about one-tenth of the amount required to halt the expansion. However, there might be some other form of matter which we have not yet detected and which might still raise the average density of the universe up to the critical value needed to halt the expansion

Survey- Shanthan Kumar

f2015672 — 2015-10-07 13:24:49 UTC

Is the padlet easy to understand?
Is the language used easy to convey the information?
Are the video links interesting?
Is this padlet interesting and can be ?

Brainstroming - Shanthan Kumar

f2015672 — 2015-10-07 13:35:26 UTC

I would like to present my ideas on the advancements in the study of astronomy, specially its formation and amendments in the rocket technology.

First of all I want to tell about the rocket technology and its improvements.

In this field the main problem is due to the fuel. We

have to control its usage for efficiency. My idea is to use simple physics principles to get motion. we can use the principle of conservation of momentum.

Then I would like to say you regarding the study of universe. this topic is really a vast one to discuss. Beginning from its formation to expansion and different stages. And still the study is running. There is actually no end to this topic but the theories go on evolving to explain the things.

Brainstorming- Shanthan Kumar

f2015672 — 2015-10-07 16:58:52 UTC

I feel that, the universe is expanding so rapidly that the gravitational attraction can never stop it, though it does slow it down a bit. The separation between neighbouring galaxies in this model starts at zero, and eventually the galaxies are moving apart at a steady speed. Though the dark matter increases with the ageing of universe, we can say that new stars and massive bodies get created to overcome these gravitational interactions.

REASON: We can determine the present rate of expansion by measuring the velocities at which other galaxies are moving away from us, using the Doppler effect. This
can be done very accurately. However, the distances to the galaxies are not very well known because we can only measure them indirectly. So all we know is that the universe is expanding by between 5 percent and 10 percent every thousand million years. However, our uncertainty about the present average density of the universe is even greater.

Brainstorming-Sayan Ray

f2015274_ — 2015-10-07 17:17:01 UTC

When most people believed in an essentially static and unchanging universe, the question of whether or not it had a beginning was really one of metaphysics or theology. One could account for what was observed either way. Either the universe had existed forever, or it was set in motion at some finite time in such a manner as to look as though it had existed forever.By measuring the distances between the galaxies using red shift and dopplers' effect phenomena,we can say thatthe universe is expanding. This means that at earlier times objects would have been closer together. In fact, it seemed that there was a time about ten or twenty thousand million years ago when they were all at exactly the same place.

One may say that time had a beginning at the big bang, in the sense that earlier times simply could not be defined. It should be emphasized that this beginning in time is very different from those that had been considered previously. In an unchanging universe, a beginning in time is something that has to be imposed by some being outside the universe.

Metric expansion of space-Sayan

f2015274_ — 2015-10-07 17:37:18 UTC

The metric expansion of space is the increase of the distance between two distant parts of the universe with time. It is an intrinsic expansion whereby the scale of space itself changes. This is different from other examples of expansions and explosions in that, as far as observations can ascertain, it is a property of the entirety of the universe rather than a phenomenon that can be contained and observed from the outside

Gamma ray applications in everyday life.-Sayan

f2015274_ — 2015-10-07 17:40:33 UTC

We've all heard of radiotherapy, but what is it? This is the story of how Gamma Rays kill cancer cells. and briefly explain DNA mutation.

Our Sources of information

f2015274_ — 2015-10-07 17:43:36 UTC

1)www.youtube.com
2)www.nasa.com
3)www.sciencedaily.com
4)www.skyandtelescope.com
5)www.mitcoursware.com
6)www.astronomynow.com
7)www.slate.com

Survey-Sayan

f2015274_ — 2015-10-07 17:50:24 UTC

1)On a scale of 1 to 10,how much would you rate our padlet?
2)Were the concepts made clear?
3)Would you recommend anyone interested in astronomy to take a look at our work?

Survey-Bhavi tej

f2015021 — 2015-10-07 17:56:47 UTC

1)How effective was our communication?

2)How do you appreciate our study on astronomy?

3)How was our team work?

Thanking Note

f2015672 — 2015-10-07 18:11:17 UTC

We would like to thank our teacher Mrs. Amutha for giving us such a wonderful opportunity to explore and share information on astronomy.

I would also thank all you attentive viewers for watching this patiently.

Amazing Facts On Universe

f2015672 — 2015-10-07 18:18:49 UTC

-Shanthan Kumar

Reference Book-Sayan

f2015274_ — 2015-10-07 18:24:37 UTC

Book name:Very high energy gamma radiation
Author-F.A Ahronian
Publication-World Scientific
Year of publication-2000

Team Data

f2015672 — 2015-10-08 01:54:50 UTC

Section:1

Team:38