Year 12 Revision Shelf by Harriet Holden https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p Made with good vibes en-us 2018-05-24 14:50:08 UTC 2018-06-14 09:02:42 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Hotsun.png The shoulder is a ball and socket joint harrietholden https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/263582223 2018-05-25 09:10:40 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/263582223 FGO- (fast glycotic oxidative) and FO- (fast oxidative) are the muscle fibre types a 100m sprinter would have https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264493035 2018-05-30 11:20:04 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264493035 Q= Cardiac output which is caluculated by heart rate x stroke volume https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264495848 2018-05-30 11:37:58 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264495848 Lasts up to 8-10 seconds https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264496112 2018-05-30 11:39:31 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264496112 As it has no oxygen the break down of Glucose makes lactic acid as a fatiguing by product https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264496172 2018-05-30 11:39:55 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264496172 Lasts 3 mins plus using oxygen and the enzyme and has a 38 ATP yield https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264496325 2018-05-30 11:40:47 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264496325 The alvieoli are important as there function is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to and from the bloodstream https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264503750 2018-05-30 12:21:09 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264503750 The energy continuum is the term used to define the variation of the energy systems for example a 100m runner would use the ATP energy system https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264504404 2018-05-30 12:23:58 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264504404 A condyloid joint and is an ovoid articular surface. This permits movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction. https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264506310 2018-05-30 12:31:59 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264506310 They https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264564802 2018-05-30 15:39:51 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264564802 There are 5 different types of bones: flat (pelvis), long (femur), irregular (mandible), short (carpals), sesamoid (pisiform) hs17aistagg https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264565011 2018-05-30 15:40:33 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264565011 There are 3 type of planes of movements: Sagittal (Medial and lateral), Frontal (Anterior and posterior) and Transverse (superior and inferior) hs17aistagg https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264565798 2018-05-30 15:43:05 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264565798 There is 2 main types of muscle contraction: -isotonic is where the muscle changes length during a contraction (concentric or eccentric) -isometric is where a muscle contraction takes place BUT the muscle doesn't change length hs17aistagg https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264567063 2018-05-30 15:46:50 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264567063 There are 3 types of muscle fibres: slow oxidative (type 1), fast oxidative glycolytic (type 2a) and fast glycolytic (type 2b) hs17aistagg https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264568515 2018-05-30 15:51:54 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264568515 There are 2 circulations in the cardiovascular system: -pulmonary (deoxygenated blood to lungs and oxygenated blood back to heart) -systemic (oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart) hs17aistagg https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264569016 2018-05-30 15:53:45 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264569016 The respiratory control centre (RCC) receives information from the sensory neurones and sends it via motor neurones to affect respiratory muscles hs17aistagg https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264569751 2018-05-30 15:56:25 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264569751 Energy Expenditure = BMR + TEF + energy expended during activity BMR - minimum energy required to maintain physical functions at rest TEF - energy required to eat/digest/absorb and use food hs17aistagg https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264570606 2018-05-30 15:59:35 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264570606 Anabolic Steroids are a pharmacological aid. They increase quality and quantity of training and increase rate of recovery. However, Anabolic steroids are prohibited in and out of competition and can cause aggression,paranoia, acne, liver and heart damage/failure hs17aistagg https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264571720 2018-05-30 16:03:46 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264571720 The breakdown of phosphocreatine allows for the formation of ATP - this is a coupled reaction hs17aistagg https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264572685 2018-05-30 16:07:28 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264572685 phosphofructokinase (PFK) breaks down glucose to provide energy for ATP resynthesis hs17aistagg https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264573704 2018-05-30 16:10:33 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264573704 The aerobic system has no fatiguing by-products hs17aistagg https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264574425 2018-05-30 16:12:16 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264574425 The energy continuum of a sport will depend of the position that the perform plays - E.G: a centre in netball would be in the glycolytic system whereas a goalkeeper would be in the ATP-PC system hs17aistagg https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264574630 2018-05-30 16:13:03 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264574630 There are 5 different types of joints: Condyloid e.g. the wrist, hinge e.g. elbow, pivot e.g. radio-ulna, gliding e.g. the spine and ball and socket e.g. hip. hs17jebenn https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264877593 2018-05-31 19:39:48 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264877593 Slow oxidative muscle fibres are designed to store oxygen in myoglobin and process it in the mitochondria which allows them to work aerobically. hs17jebenn https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264878068 2018-05-31 19:42:55 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264878068 Flexion and extension occurs on the sagittal plane, abduction and adduction occurs on the frontal plane and horizontal extension, horizontal flexion and rotation occurs on the transverse plane hs17jebenn https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264878392 2018-05-31 19:44:50 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264878392 A skeletal muscle can only contract when stimulated by an electrical impulse sent from the central nervous system hs17jebenn https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264879066 2018-05-31 19:48:35 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264879066 The left side of the heart circulates oxygenated blood from the lungs around the body to the muscles and the right side circulates deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs hs17jebenn https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264879433 2018-05-31 19:50:53 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264879433 One main function of the respiratory system is gaseous exchange. One type of this is external respiration: the movement of oxygen from the lugs into the blood stream and CO2 into the lungs. Another is external respiration: oxygen moving into respiring cells and the collection of waste products hs17jebenn https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264879842 2018-05-31 19:53:31 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264879842 One of the essentials in our diet is carbohydrates. They account for 75% of energy requirements. One form is starch e.g. rice and potato, stored as glycogen. The second is sugars e.g. fruit, these circulate in the blood as glucose hs17jebenn https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264880344 2018-05-31 19:56:52 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264880344 EPO is a hormone responsible for production of red blood cells. RhEPO is a synthetic (man-made) copy that athletes use to increase their red blood cell count, therefore increasing oxygen transport. hs17jebenn https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264880699 2018-05-31 19:59:08 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264880699 Creatine kinase breaks down phosphocreatine to allow resynthesis of ATP hs17jebenn https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264881301 2018-05-31 20:03:45 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264881301 If glucose levels deplete, glycogen phosphorylase, breaks down glycogen into glucose to keep a high concentration in the blood hs17jebenn https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264881538 2018-05-31 20:05:19 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264881538 Krebs Cycle: Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid. Resynthesises 2 moles of ATP hs17jebenn https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264881719 2018-05-31 20:06:56 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264881719 One energy system will be predominantly providing the energy for ATP resynthesis but you will dip into all energy systems in most activities hs17jebenn https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264881937 2018-05-31 20:08:40 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/264881937 There are a few common features in synovial joints: 1. Joint capsule - a fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane 2. Bursa - a closed sac containing fluid that lubricates and reduces friction were tendons rub over bones 3. Articular cartilage - a smooth tissues which covers the surface of articulating boneas hs17doensor1 https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265040061 2018-06-01 14:19:35 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265040061 The Biceps brachii, Rectus femoris and Pectolaris major are all agonist muscles. This means that they are responsible for creating movement at a joint and are often known as the prime mover hs17doensor1 https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265042486 2018-06-01 14:29:56 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265042486 Sagittal plane - divides the body into left and right parts from the medial Frontal plane - splits the body in anterior and posterior (front and back). Transverse plane - divides the body into superior and inferior (top and bottom) hs17doensor1 https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265043181 2018-06-01 14:33:51 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265043181 Sending a nerve impulse hs17doensor1 https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265049282 2018-06-01 15:00:37 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265049282 Sending a nerve impulse to the muscle fibres in an electromechanical process which relies on a nerve action potential to conduct the nerve impulse hs17doensor1 https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265049293 2018-06-01 15:00:40 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265049293 The heart is a cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscles are myogenic which means that they are able to produce their own electrical impulses that pass through muscular walls. These impulses force the muscle to contract. hs17doensor1 https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265049637 2018-06-01 15:02:14 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265049637 The interaction between breathing rate and tidal volume can show us the minute ventilation. Monitoring these variables can help us maximise aerobic performance. hs17doensor1 https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265050758 2018-06-01 15:06:55 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265050758 Energy expenditure is the sum of basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food and the energy expended in physical activity hs17doensor1 https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265051466 2018-06-01 15:10:29 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265051466 Cooling 🤬: -Cooling 🤬 can be used PRE EVENT to reduce core body temperature e.g. ice vests, cold towels -Cooling 🤬 can also be used to treat injury e.g. ice packs and cold sprays can be used during or after an event to reduce pain and or swelling hs17doensor1 https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265052563 2018-06-01 15:16:18 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265052563 THIS TOPIC IS REALLY DIFFICULT... FACT. hs17doensor1 https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265053668 2018-06-01 15:22:14 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265053668 Axial skeleton = central core, 80 bones, support, protection of vital organs, creates a surface for muscle attachment. Sternum, rib cage, vertebral column, pelvic girdle. https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265145756 Appendicular skeleton = unfused for greater range of movement, support, protect vital organs, 126 bones.

]]> 2018-06-02 12:26:46 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265145756 Origin = point of muscular attachment to stationary bone and insertion = point of muscular attachment to moveable bone. https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265146083 2018-06-02 12:32:07 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265146083 Transverse Plane: Superior = top half of body Inferior = bottom half Frontal Plane: Anterior = front of body Posterior = back of body Sagittal Plane: Lateral = away from middle Medial = close to middle https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265146162 2018-06-02 12:33:47 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265146162 Synaptic cleft = gap at the neuromuscular junction (between end of dendrite and muscle fibre) Motor unit = motor neurone + muscle fibres https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265146363 2018-06-02 12:37:26 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265146363 RIGHT SIDE Body, vena cava, deoxygenated blood, atrium (right), tricuspid valve, ventricle (right), pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein LEFT SIDE Oxygenated blood, atrium, bicuspid valve, ventricle (left), aorta, body https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265146521 2018-06-02 12:40:03 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265146521 Haemoglobin allows oxygen to bind to it and carries it round the body in red blood cells in order to deliver O2 to muscles for respiration. https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265146749 2018-06-02 12:44:34 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265146749 Carbohydrates: There are simple and complex carbs. Simple = monosaccharides (singular, glucose), disaccharides (double, starch). Complex = polysaccharides (many, starch). Anything with more than one glucose molecule is a starch. https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265146873 2018-06-02 12:47:10 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265146873 Human Growth Hormone (HGH) - replicates naturally produced growth hormone. Natural production decreases with age. It increases protein synthesis, recovery, repair, metabolism of fats, lean mass - you will lose weight. HGH is prohibited in and out of competition, however, it is hard to detect as it is naturally produced in your body, therefore if you want to use it, you can claim to have naturally high levels of HGH. There are few side effects so they are more popular than anabolic steroids. The few side effects are: bone deformities, heart failure and cancer. https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265147119 2018-06-02 12:51:49 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265147119 ATP = adenosine triphosphate. It is broken down by ATPase into ADP + P. ADP = adenosine DIphosphate (di because there are only two phosphate molecules now). https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265147507 2018-06-02 12:57:26 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265147507 A by-product called pyruvic acid is made - when there IS oxygen present it can stay in the body and have no harm, but when there ISN'T oxygen present, it turns into lactic acid and causes fatigue. https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265147766 2018-06-02 13:02:56 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265147766 Aerobic Glycolysis: PFK breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid, which forms 2 ATP of energy. The pyruvic acid then combines with amino acids and fatty acids to form acetyl co-enzyme A. No lactic acid is produced from the pyruvic acid as there IS oxygen present. https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265147873 2018-06-02 13:05:19 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265147873 Depending on the nature of a sport, it could be in multiple positions on the energy continuum. Mixed sports eg netball, rugby etc are most likely to be in numerous places on the continuum as the predominant energy system varies with position, intensity/level of the game etc. https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265148025 2018-06-02 13:08:35 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265148025 hs17dobutt https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265154493 From regular exercise the heart muscle increases in size and strength, this increases cardiac output, lowers resting heart rate and allows for quicker recovery from exercise. Because there is a higher volume of RBC's flowing round the body

]]> 2018-06-02 14:55:06 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265154493 hs17dobutt https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265155066 Abduction and Adduction occur in the frontal plane, involves movement away or towards an imaginary centre line.
Abduction - taking body part away from the centre line.
Adduction - taking body part towards the centre line. ]]> 2018-06-02 15:03:47 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265155066 hs17dobutt https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265155364 The all or none law - states that there must be a minimum level of depolarisation (difference in charge between the inside and outside of the plasma membrane of a muscle fibre or a nerve) for an action to occur. Without reaching this level, no impulse will be propagated.]]> 2018-06-02 15:09:29 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265155364 hs17dobutt https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265155629 Fast glycolytic fibres are white in colour due to their low levels of myoglobin and mitochondria. They produce ATP at a slow rate by aerobic metabolism and break it down very quickly. Which results in short, fast bursts of power and rapid fatigue.]]> 2018-06-02 15:15:54 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265155629 hs17dobutt https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265155951 Cartilage - reduces friction, acts as a shock absorber 
Synovial fluid - lubricates the joint 
Synovial membrane - Produces synovial fluid
Tendon - joins muscle to bone enabling movement 
Ligament - joins bone to bone, stabilising the joint ]]> 2018-06-02 15:22:01 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265155951 hs17dobutt https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265156251 VO2 max - measure of the peak volume of oxygen you can consume and use in one minute. It is measured in ml/kg/min, the "kg" part being the athletes bodyweight taken into account.]]> 2018-06-02 15:26:52 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265156251 hs17dobutt https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265156634 Proteins are used to help us grow and repair tissues, found in animal products eg. Meat and fish. Made of amino acids. 
Proteins should make up 15% of your daily diet.
Some athletes use a technique called "carbo loading" where they eat carbohydrate rich foods in the run up to an event, this ensures that their muscles and liver are full of glycogen so they have plenty of energy.

]]> 2018-06-02 15:33:14 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265156634 hs17dobutt https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265157029 Blood doping - the miss-use of substances to increase red blood cell count. commonly involves the removal of 2 units (almost two pints) of the athletes blood several weeks prior to an event/competition.
Mostly used for athletes in endurance events like the tour de France. It causes more RBC's to flow in the blood stream and therefore allowing extra oxygen to be transported to working muscles. Resulting in a higher level of performance.]]> 2018-06-02 15:40:01 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265157029 hs17dobutt https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265158109 ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the energy source for all reactions in the body. 
ATPPC system is used for high intensity activities
A negative of this system is that the fuel stores are very limited.]]> 2018-06-02 15:59:55 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265158109 hs17dobutt https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265158575 Process of recovery requires oxygen.
Pyruvic acid in the presence of oxygen will be converted in to acetyl coenzyme A. This is then broken down through the Crebs cycle to produce more ATP. Without oxygen it is converted in to lactate and removed from muscle and taken to the liver to be converted in to glucose. This can take anywhere from 30 to 60 mins.]]> 2018-06-02 16:09:48 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265158575 hs17dobutt https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265159331 By products from reactions in this process go towards the re-synthesis of the ATP. The by products, which include hydrogen, travel across the electron transport chain in the matrix/cristae to finalise the re-synthesis of the ATP.]]> 2018-06-02 16:24:25 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265159331 hs17dobutt https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265159681 All three of the energy systems work at the same time. The more dominant system is determined by the intensity, duration and intensity of the exercise. Giving its place on the continuum corresponding to the sporting situation or sport.]]> 2018-06-02 16:32:03 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265159681 The ATP-PC system is used to generate energy for explosive movements such as: Weight lifting and 100m sprint hs17doensor1 https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265169289 2018-06-02 19:51:58 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265169289 The Glycolytic system lasts between 30 seconds and 3 minutes depending on the intensity. The less intense the activity the longer it will last, because it will be producing lactic acid at a slower rate.. hs17doensor1 https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265169475 2018-06-02 19:56:44 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265169475 The aerobic system has a much higher ATP yield than the other two systems. However this system produces the ATP at a much slower rate, therefore it cannot fuel intense exercise that requires quick production of ATP. hs17doensor1 https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265169542 2018-06-02 19:58:26 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265169542 Some sports can cover the entire energy continuum. This is because during different stages of a sport requires different energy systems and types of exercise. This is common in invasion sports such as netball or rugby. hs17doensor1 https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265169626 2018-06-02 20:00:44 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265169626 Skeletal System: hs17felloyds https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265196465 Supports the body
protects vitatal organs 
stores minerals and produces red blood cells 
provide atachments for the muscular system 
Acts as levers and pivot points = movement]]> 2018-06-03 09:31:28 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265196465 Antagonistic pairs hs17felloyds https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265196756 Agonist Prime mover - Responsible for creating the movement. (contracts)
Antagonist - muscles that oppose the agonist. (relaxes)
Fixator - muscles that stabilize one part of the body while the other moves. ]]> 2018-06-03 09:37:14 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265196756 Anatomical Position hs17felloyds https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265197193 Superficial- towards the surface e.g. the skin is superficial to the muscles.
Deep - below the surface e.g. muscles are deep compared to skin.
Proximal - body point closer to the point of attachment then another
Distal - body point further away from the point of attachment than another]]> 2018-06-03 09:46:28 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265197193 Nodes hs17felloyds https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265197902 1) Sinoatrial Node - Right atrial wall- generates electrical impulse and contraction of atria. Known as the pacemaker - determines HR 
2) Atrioventricular Node - Collects impulses and delays for 0.1 seconds to allow atrial contraction to finish release it to the Bundle of His.
3) Bundle of His - Located in the septum. Splits impulse into 2 to be sent to both ventricles,
4) Bundle of Branches- Carry impulse to the base of each ventical
5) Purkyne Fibres - Distribute impulse through ventricle walls causing contraction  ]]> 2018-06-03 09:59:59 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265197902 hs17lojoyner https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265201186 Bursas are fluid filled sacs in a joint that reduce friction between tendons and bones. Bursitis is a condition that causes the bursas to become inflamed and is a result of overuse or overload of the joint ]]> 2018-06-03 10:58:23 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265201186 hs17lojoyner https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265201295 Remembering the different planes:
Frontal = F = cuts you Front to back 
Sagittal = S = splits you into Sides
Transverse = T = Top to bottom ]]> 2018-06-03 11:00:54 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265201295 hs17lojoyner https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265201488 An example of an antagonistic pair:
The movement of the leg forward to kick a football is created by the rectus femoris and the biceps femoris. The rectus femoris (prime mover) contracts as the biceps femoris (antagonist) relaxes, so the leg moves forward. The fixator in this example would be the gluteus Maximus. ]]> 2018-06-03 11:04:51 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265201488 hs17lojoyner https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265201809 Acetylcholine is secreted out of a synaptic vesicle, it then diffuses through the cell membrane of the motor neurone into the synaptic cleft. ACH is a neurotransmitter which carries the action potential across the synaptic cleft into the muscle fibre. ]]> 2018-06-03 11:13:10 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265201809 hs17lojoyner https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265202014 Heart rate regulation is divided into:
Neural control- chemoreceptors (chemical changes in blood), proprioceptors (movement/ muscles, tendons, motor activity at joints), baroreceptors (blood vessel walls/blood pressure)
Intrinsic control: thermoreceptors (temperature) & venous return 
Hormonal control: adrenaline & noradrenaline 

]]> 2018-06-03 11:18:08 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265202014 hs17lojoyner https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265202220 Partial pressure is “the pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture of gases”, meaning it’s the percentage of an individual gas within a mixture of gases. Diffusion relies on partial pressure to create a concentration gradient (difference in pressure). For example, there is a higher partial pressure of oxygen in oxygenated blood than in the respiring muscle cells, so oxygen diffuses from the blood into the muscle cells. ]]> 2018-06-03 11:23:43 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265202220 hs17lojoyner https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265202371 Fats are used for energy and to supply vitamins A, D, E, K. 
They are used for protection ad to insulate nerves. There are 2 types of fats:
Animal- saturated (bad) - converted to cholesterol- inc. risk of atherosclerosis, but still need some for cells & hormones
Vegetable (good)- NOT converted to cholesterol & are healthier than animal  

]]> 2018-06-03 11:26:51 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265202371 hs17lojoyner https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265202604 Bicarb:
Used in high intensity anaerobic exercise 
pH= 8.4, so acts as a buffer for lactic acid (neutralises the acid) 
Necessary because lactic acid lowers the pH of muscles which reduces energy production & causes fatigue ]]> 2018-06-03 11:32:33 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265202604 hs17lojoyner https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265202864 Practical examples of when the ATP-PC system would be used include sprints, throws, jumps, vault. ]]> 2018-06-03 11:37:29 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265202864 hs17lojoyner https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265202955 1 mole of glucose creates 2 moles of ATP ]]> 2018-06-03 11:39:45 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265202955 hs17lojoyner https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265203011 Aerobic glycolysis and the krebs cycle happen in the sarcoplasm (lining of the muscle fibre), whereas the electron transport chain happens on the cristae of mitochondria ]]> 2018-06-03 11:41:08 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265203011 hs17lojoyner https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265203134 At rest the body uses the aerobic system, at the start of exercise the immediate demand for ATP increases and the oxygen availability may decrease. This can cause a change in energy system. ]]> 2018-06-03 11:44:12 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265203134 hs17luiredale https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265204133 Ligaments - Bone to bone
Tendons - Muscle to bone
Origin - Point of muscular attachment to stationery bone
Insertion - Point of muscular attachment to moveable bone

 ]]> 2018-06-03 12:05:57 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265204133 Type I fibre are also known as slow twitch fibre.They are red in colour due to the presence of large volumes of myoglobin and so oxygen and high numbers of Mitochondria. Because of this they are very resistant to fatigue and are capable of producing repeated low-level contractions by producing large amounts of ATP through an aerobic metabolic cycle. hs17luiredale https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265204552 2018-06-03 12:14:05 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265204552 Rotation movements are in the transverse plane and include any twisting motion. hs17luiredale https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265205028 2018-06-03 12:22:34 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265205028 A motor unit is described as a single motor neurone and all of the muscle fibres it innervates. A motor unit can contain anywhere between 10 and thousands of muscle fibres. Muscles which produce large powerful movements contain motor units with large numbers of fibres, and those for small intricate movements contain only a few fibres per motor unit. hs17luiredale https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265205158 2018-06-03 12:25:23 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265205158 The heart has four chambers. The two atria collect the blood. The two ventricles pump the blood out of the heart.Valves prevent the blood from flowing backwards.The septum separates the two sides of the heart. hs17luiredale https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265205373 2018-06-03 12:29:37 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265205373 Air is warmed, moistened and filtered as it travels through the mouth and nasal passages.It then passes through the trachea and one of the two bronchi into one of the lungs.After passing into the many bronchioles, it finally arrives into some the tiny sacs called alveoli.This is where gas exchange takes place - oxygen passes out of the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide passes out of the blood into the air in the alveoli. hs17luiredale https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265205548 2018-06-03 12:33:13 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265205548 When you inhale:the intercostal muscles contract, expanding the ribcagethe diaphragm contracts, pulling downwards to increase the volume of the chestpressure inside the chest is lowered and air is sucked into the lungs hs17luiredale https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265205587 2018-06-03 12:34:04 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265205587 When you exhale:the intercostal muscles relax, the ribcage drops inwards and downwardsthe diaphragm relaxes, moving back upwards, decreasing the volume of the chestpressure inside the chest increases and air is forced out hs17luiredale https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265205617 2018-06-03 12:34:28 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265205617 Mineras EgCalcium - to strengthen bones Iodine - for energy production Iron - prevents fatigue hs17luiredale https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265205722 Helps release energy from food. Helps decision making
We need it in sport When training is hard
We find it in Fruit, vegetables and fish

]]> 2018-06-03 12:36:41 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265205722 Caffeine hs17luiredale https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265206160 It stimulates the central nervous system.
Acts as a weak stimulant which increases alertness and concentration and reaction time.
Increases energy levels and lowers perception of effort.
Acts as diuretic - increasing urine production and decreases dehydration.]]> 2018-06-03 12:43:46 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265206160 It is an exothermic reaction and so provides energy required to resynthesise ATP at a fast rate. hs17luiredale https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265206385 2018-06-03 12:47:12 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265206385 Advantages hs17luiredale https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265206696
  • There is a huge amount of glycogen stored in the muscles and liver which can be made available for energy.
  • It is more efficient - resynthesises two molecules of ATP as opposed to just one that the ATP-PC manages.
  • Fewer reactions than the aerobic energy system are needed to produce energy so it is faster (but not as fast as the PC system).
  • Provides more sustained high intensity energy for between 10 and 180 seconds.
  • Can work both anaerobically (without oxygen) and aerobically (with oxygen).

    • ]]>     2018-06-03 12:51:28 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265206696     Disadvantages hs17luiredale https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265206812
  • It is not as quick as the PC system.
  • Lactic acid is produced which causes fatigue (and discomfort!)
  • Causes pain by stimulating the pain receptors (telling the body to slow down and known as lactic acid buiild up).
  • In the end it stops working because of muscle fatigue and pain.

    • ]]>     2018-06-03 12:53:21 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/265206812     Ball and socket joints https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/266242362 Ball and socket joints have the largest plane of movement meaning flexibility is greatest at joints like hip and should ]]> 2018-06-08 06:28:24 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/266242362 Muscles https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/266242733 Muscles often work together to hold positions as they contract against one another e.g hand stand in gymnastics your bicep and tricep brachi work to hold a position ]]> 2018-06-08 06:30:26 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/266242733 https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/266244185 Sagittal is lateral, away from the body or medial close to the body. Transverse is superior and inferior the inferior is bottom half of the body whilst superior consists of the top half. Lastly, Frontal is posterior including anything in front of you and posterior behind you]]> 2018-06-08 06:37:49 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/266244185 https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/266250650 Isotonic = eccentric and concentric (muscle changes length during contraction or movement e.g a throwing in football the tricep eccentricly contracts causing extension
    Isometric = Is contractions where muscles don’t change length e.g during holds in gymnasts the length doesn’t change but strain on muscle is occurring ]]>     2018-06-08 07:15:13 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/266250650     Heart and nodes https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/266251941 Vena calva - right atrium - bicuspid/atrioventricular - right ventricle - semilunar valve - pulmonary artery - lungs #oxygensurvival - pulmonary vein - left atrium - tricuspid/atrioventricular - left ventricle - semilunar valve - aorta - body - back to start 

    Sino-atrial starts impulse - atrioventricular node pause for atrium loading - bundle of his - bundle of branches - purkyne fibres attach to muscle fibres causing contraction]]>     2018-06-08 07:22:25 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/266251941     https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/266253341 One long term adaption to the respiratory system is capillarisation in the alveoli allowing more efficient quicker gaseous exchange. Also the intercostal muscles become stronger along with the diaphragm allowing the lungs to uptake great volumes of oxygen meaning great oxygen available for exercise :)

    ]]>     2018-06-08 07:30:51 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/266253341     https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/266253966 Carbon loading is a tactic in aerobic sports like marathons. The reason of use is to maximise glycogen stores for long term energy breakdown providing energy for long periods of exercise. Proteins are used to repair and grow muscles damaged through exercise they are broken down into amino acids which can be used for proteins and in our body and growth and adaptions of muscles ]]> 2018-06-08 07:34:35 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/266253966 https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/266254466 Want to be hench?why not have our latest anabolic steroids “train harder for longer and get the most out of your muscles” allowing pure muscle gain for that summer bod (small print - these anabolic steroids can cause heart issues in the future like cardiac issues]]> 2018-06-08 07:37:44 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/266254466 https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/266254874 ATP-PC phospocreatine suppliments further enhance stores of creative allowing longer use of the system]]> 2018-06-08 07:40:33 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/266254874 features of a synovial joint: structures & functions https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/267159902 Ligaments - tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue that connect bone to bone and stabilise a joint during movement

    Synovial fluid - fluid within the joint cavity that reduce the friction between the articulating bones for smoother movement (lubricant) and nourishment of articular cartilage

    Articular cartilage - smooth tissue that covers the surface of the articulating bones of a joint and absorbs shock while further allowing "friction-less" movement

    Joint capsule - fiberous sac with an inner synovial membrane in order to enclose and strengthen the joint secreting (producing) synovial fluid

    Bursa - closed recess lined with synovial fluid (fluid filled sac) located where tendons rub over bones in order to reduce friction between the two    ]]>     2018-06-14 08:23:50 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/267159902     Max HR and training thresholds https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/267164295 maximum heart rate (theoretical) can be calculated via the formula
    HRmax = 220 - age (in years)
    HRmax = 220 - 17
    HR    max = 203 bpm
    this is useful for calculation training thresholds.
    The aerobic training threshold is 60% - 80% of a persons max HR

    The anaerobic training threshold is 80%+ of a persons max HR

    ]]>     2018-06-14 08:52:28 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/267164295     using 17 years old as an example https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/267165195 60% of 203 = 203 x 0.6
                    = 121.8
                    = 122

    80% of 203 = 203 x 0.8
                    = 162.4
                    = 162

    Aerobic threshold 
    = 122 - 162 bpm  

    Anaerobic threshold
    = 162 - 203 bpm 
     

    ]]>     2018-06-14 08:57:35 UTC https://padlet.com/harrietholden/o8t8iyopqg3p/wish/267165195