Developmental Reading Knowledge Connections and Applications by https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw en-us 2022-05-18 03:49:50 UTC 2022-07-07 20:34:44 UTC hello@padlet.com Definition kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2201806173 According to the website linked above: 

Oral language (OL), sometimes called spoken language, includes speaking and listening—the ways that humans communicate with one another. OL skills provide the foundation for word reading and comprehension. They are at the heart of listening and reading comprehension, serving as a predictor for both. (Literacy How, 2020).  

]]> 2022-05-27 05:12:15 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2201806173 Applications kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2201813259 In the general classroom, there are many ways to support oral language development for all learners using explicit and multi-sensory instruction. In the article attached above, several instructional ideas for incorporating oral language are listed, some of my favorites are: 

1. Presentations - when students collaborate with their peers or work individually to prepare and present an information, they are able to develop their oral language skills and connect with the learned information in a new way. To take this to the next level, students can give each other peer reviews on their presentations to engage their listening skills as well (Fisher, 2020).
2. Listening Stations - using technology, students can listen in groups to audio recordings of someone reading a text or presenting a topic and then debate comprehensive questions about the topic at the end with their peers (Fisher, 2020). 
3. Reciprocal Teaching - students working in groups take turns reading a text to each other and then have scholarly conversations with each other by predicting, questioning, clarifying, and summarizing the text (Fisher, 2020). 
4. Photo Narratives - students compile a variety of images to portray the story that they vocally narrate. This is a great way to combine technology with visual and auditory learning for a multi-sensory instruction approach (Fisher, 2020). ]]> 2022-05-27 05:19:22 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2201813259 Importance in the Music classroom kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2202737556 In the context of the music classroom, especially a chorus classroom, singing plays a vital role in the development of oral language. Especially when songs are taught by rote, students are learning how to listen to the text in order to repeat it back and speak/perform it for themselves. Music is a vital tool for helping children first learn how to speak when they are first learning how to make sounds in the pre-k and primary classrooms, and music continues to be a powerful tool to help students through secondary school improve their oral language skills in their primary language and in foreign languages that they may perform. ]]> 2022-05-28 04:22:35 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2202737556 Equity and Justice kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2202745835 In the music classroom, we have the unique ability (and responsibility) to teach our students material in all languages and cultures. When it comes to oral language development, it is vital for music educators to give students from all backgrounds equal opportunity to speak and perform texts from a variety of cultures. The more that we help out students develop their oral language skills, the more that we provide them with the tools that they need to advocate for their rights and speak up for themselves in an effective and powerful way. ]]> 2022-05-28 04:52:50 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2202745835 Definition kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2202761380 Summarization from the information in the video above: 

Phonological awareness is an awareness that the words that we speak can be taken apart. It’s something that we learn auditorily from listening to words and sentences and it essentially breaks language into chunks. There are several phases of phonological awareness: recognizing sentences are broken into individual words, then that individual words are broken into syllables, and eventually breaking down syllables into phonemes. Other skills grouped into phonological awareness are the ability to recognize rhymes and alliterations (Understood for All, 2019). ]]> 2022-05-28 05:55:14 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2202761380 Applications kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2202766658 In the general classroom, it is vital to support the development of phonological awareness in students because it is the foundation to learn to read and is the precursor to phonics. To quote the article listed above:

Blending, segmenting, and manipulating sounds will help students quickly decode, which means reading the words on a page, and encode, which refers to the spelling of words (Starke, 2020).

The article goes on to provide multiple multi-sensory activities to help cultivate the development of phonological awareness in students within daily literacy instruction: 

1. Sorting Pictures: Students can work individually, in groups, or as a whole class to sort picture cards by beginning or ending sounds, syllables, or rhyme (Starke, 2020). 
2. Poetry, Nursery Rhymes, and Traditional Songs: During or after the recitation of any of these, the teacher can have the students clap the number of words they hear in a line or the number of syllables they hear in a word (Starke 2020). 
3. Segmenting words with the body: Students can map out the beginning, middle, and end sounds of a one syllable word such as mat by using the joints in their arm as a physical connection. For example, the shoulder would be the m sound, the arm would be the a sound, and the wrist would be the t sound (Starke, 2020). 
]]> 2022-05-28 06:15:26 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2202766658 Importance in the Music classroom kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2202770170 In the music classroom, the instruction of rhythms and phonological awareness go hand in hand. The relationship between how words are broken up and how beats of rhythms are broken up are intertwined in music curriculum starting at the primary level. As the student progresses through secondary education, despite how complicated the text of a piece may get in terms of literacy, basic rhythms are still broken down in alignment with the syllables of a word. Because of this relationship, music teachers have a vital role to play in the development of phonological awareness because we are able to combine visual, auditory, and kinesthetic tactile learning experiences for our students while they are singing, clapping, or dancing that help them to understand how sounds are broken up and blended together. ]]> 2022-05-28 06:28:02 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2202770170 Equity and Justice kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2202777193 In order to cultivate a safe space for students of all backgrounds to continue to develop their phonological awareness, it's important for educators to celebrate the different cultures and backgrounds that our students bring to the classroom and encourage worldly conversations about our differences. Especially when engaging young students in rhythmic (phonological awareness) exercises through poems, nursery rhymes, or folk songs, we have a responsibility to ensure that the material we are teaching comes from all around the world and represents various cultures and ethnicities. ]]> 2022-05-28 06:52:00 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2202777193 kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2232802465 Castles, A., Rastle, K., & Nation, K. (2018). Ending the Reading Wars: Reading Acquisition From Novice to Expert. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 19(1), 5–51. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1529100618772271

Fisher, D., & Frey, N. (2020, July 16). Speaking and listening in content area learning. Reading Rockets. Retrieved June 28, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/article/speaking-and-listening-content-area-learning

Literacy How. (2020, September 30). Oral Language. Literacy How. Retrieved June 28, 2022, from https://www.literacyhow.org/oral-language/

National Reading Panel. (2000, April). Phonics Instruction. Reading Rockets. Retrieved July 5, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/article/phonics-instruction

Pflaum, J. (2012, June 6). Building Reading and Writing Skills with Music. Edutopia. Retrieved July 6, 2022. https://www.edutopia.org/blog/reading-skills-music-writing-jeffrey-pflaum

Rosenthal, S. (2021, October 1). Facing the Shadows, Moving Toward Grade: Best Practices for Equity in Writing Instruction. Collaborative Classroom. Retrieved July 6, 2022.https://www.collaborativeclassroom.org/blog/best-practices-for-equity-in-writing-instruction/

Ryan, E. (2020, October 29). Timothy Rasinski on Fluency and Equity in Reading Instruction. NWEA. other. Retrieved June 30, 2022, from https://www.nwea.org/blog/2020/timothy-rasinski-on-fluency-and-equity-in-reading-instruction/

Starke, K. (2020, July 24). Phonological Awareness in the Classroom. TeachHUB. Retrieved June 28, 2022, from https://www.teachhub.com/teaching-strategies/2020/07/phonological-awareness-in-the-classroom/

Understood for All. (2019). What Is Phonological Awareness? YouTube. Retrieved June 28, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0G6teawxls&t=4s.

WETA Public Broadcasting. (2020, October 16). Fluency. Reading Rockets. Retrieved June 30, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/fluency

WETA Public Broadcasting. (2020, October 16). Literacy Apps: Vocabulary. Reading Rockets. Retrieved July 1, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/literacyapps/vocabulary

WETA Public Broadcasting. (n.d.). Literacy Apps: Writing. Reading Rockets. Retrieved July 6, 2022. https://www.readingrockets.org/literacyapps/writing

WETA Public Broadcasting. (2020, October 31). Phonics and Decoding. Reading Rockets. Retrieved June 28, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/phonics

WETA Public Broadcasting. (2021, June 1).  Phonics: In Practice. Reading Rockets. Retrieved June 30, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/phonics-practice

WETA Public Broadcasting. 2020, October 16). Vocabulary.  Reading Rockets. Retrieved June 30, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/vocabulary

WETA Public Broadcasting. 2020, October 16). Writing.  Reading Rockets. Retrieved July 6, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/writing

Winston, Christopher. (2017, November 15). Why Do Lyrics Matter? NRG Recording Studios. Retrieved July 1, 2022, from https://www.nrgrecording.com/post/why-do-lyrics-matter




]]> 2022-06-28 22:43:50 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2232802465 Definition kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2237511916 Phonics is the relationship between the letters of a written language and the sounds of a spoken language (WETA Public Broadcasting, 2020). To quote the article above, 

"The goal of phonics instruction is to help children learn the alphabetic principle — the idea that letters represent the sounds of spoken language — and that there is an organized, logical, and predictable relationship between written letters and spoken sounds" (WETA Public Broadcasting, 2020). 

Phonics should be taught systematically (in an organized and logical sequence) and explicitly (precisely) (WETA Public Broadcasting, 2020).
]]> 2022-07-05 21:24:51 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2237511916 Applications kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238244928 In the general classroom, it is essential to emphasize the importance of phonics as the relationship between letters and sounds. 
According to the article above:

"Being able to decode words effortlessly (convert spelling into speech sounds) means children are able to focus their attention on comprehending what they read" (WETA Public Broadcasting, 2021). 

It is recommended that a teacher, regardless of the grade being taught, should start each lesson with consonant letter sounds that are easy to pronounce. For example, the letters t and d sound similar, but t is used more often in the English language, so a teacher should first make sure that students are comfortable with the phonics of the letter t before moving on to d. 
]]> 2022-07-06 16:42:53 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238244928 Importance in the Music Classroom kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238245294 In the music classroom, students will learn how to annunciate their words to be understood clearly. Without phonics, this would be impossible. The songs mentioned in the article above are intended to help students master letter sounds to build stronger reading and speaking skills. ]]> 2022-07-06 16:43:35 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238245294 Equity and Justice kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238245724 There is a considerable link between adults who lack basic literacy skills and unemployment. Phonics is an important step in Decoding, which according to the Simple View of Reading, is one of the two crucial skills needed for reading comprehension. (Castles, Rastle, & Nation, 2018). There are opposing views over how to teach decoding, with some believing that  decoding should be taught as a means of increasing reading comprehension, while others believe comprehension should be taught first and the skill of decoding will follow. Despite the debate, both sides agree that without a basic understanding of phonics, it will be difficult for students to succeed in most future endeavors. Based on this information, phonics education is a major tool for fighting inequality, as increasing all students' reading comprehension through phonics will help to close the literacy gap in the employment market.]]> 2022-07-06 16:44:26 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238245724 Definition kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238247526 According to the article above:

"Fluency is the ability to read a text accurately, quickly, and with expression. Reading fluency is important because it provides a bridge between word recognition and comprehension" (WETA Public Broadcasting, 2020).

 Fluency increases the speed by which a student gains meaning from what they read. Fluent readers are past the stage of decoding and have moved on to comprehension by making connections between what they have read and their background knowledge.


]]> 2022-07-06 16:47:39 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238247526 Applications kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238342155 In the general classroom, students will need fluency to feel confident in their reading skills, as students without fluency are often choppy or awkward in their reading. 

The article above suggests that some ways to improve fluency in reading are:
  • Having students track the words with their finger as a parent or teacher reads a passage aloud. Then the student reads it.
  • Have a parent or teacher read aloud to the student. Then, have the student match their voice to their guide's.
  • Have students read their favorite books and poems over and over again, then practice getting smoother and reading with expression.

The article also provides suggestions for teachers, some of which are:
  • Assess the student to make sure that word decoding or word recognition is not the source of the difficulty (if decoding is the source of the problem, decoding will need to be addressed in addition to reading speed and phrasing).
  • Give the student independent level texts that he or she can practice again and again. Time the student and calculate words-correct-per-minute regularly. The student can chart his or her own improvement.
  • Have the student practice reading a passage with a certain emotion, such as sadness or excitement, to emphasize expression and intonation.
  • Incorporate timed repeated readings into your instructional repertoire.

(WETA Public Broadcasting, 2020)
]]> 2022-07-06 20:28:37 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238342155 Importance in the Music Classroom kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238343590 Songs are often repetitive, which is a great strategy for increasing fluency among learners of any language. By incorporating fluency skills in the music classroom, teachers will encourage students to not only improve their reading comprehension, but their vocal expression too.]]> 2022-07-06 20:32:43 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238343590 Equity and Justice kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238348204 According to Timothy Rasinski, students who can decode words, have good vocabularies, and are able to comprehend oral presentation of reading material can still struggle with fluency. In this interview, Rasinski describes a lack of fluency as a detrimental snowball affect that will stagnate the learning process:

"If students are having difficulty reading material at their own grade level, they’re going to miss out on a lot of content... And we know that much of comprehension depends upon knowledge. If you can’t read the material that builds your knowledge... you’re going to have trouble understanding [other content] because you won’t have the background knowledge to support it. So it just becomes this whole snowball effect where one thing leads to another and, all of a sudden, children are significantly behind and unmotivated... (Ryan, 2020)."

Fluency is  a key stepping stone for students when acquiring language and reading skills and increased attention on fluency in the classroom will provide students with a more level playing field.
]]> 2022-07-06 20:45:06 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238348204 Definition kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238350106 The above article states that comprehension is:

"...the reason for reading. If readers can read the words but do not understand or connect to what they are reading, they are not really reading. Good readers are both purposeful and active, and have the skills to absorb what they read, analyze it, make sense of it, and make it their own (WETA Public Broadcasting, 2020)."
]]> 2022-07-06 20:49:57 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238350106 Applications kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238353249 In the general classroom, comprehension is arguably the most important step in the reading process. It confirms that the student fully understands the meaning of the word(s) they have read. 

To asses reading comprehension, teachers can have students:
  • Identify main ideas orally or in writing
  • Connect the main or central ideas orally or in writing
  • Learn to weed out unnecessary information
  • Remember what they have read

Proficiency in comprehension means that students are ready to utilize their readings skills in a more complex setting with detailed activities.

(WETA Public Broadcasting, 2020).
]]> 2022-07-06 20:59:43 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238353249 Importance in the Music Classroom kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238356583 When asking someone about their favorite song, they will often explain that they connect to the music or the lyrics in some way. 

According to the article above:

"Lyrics matter because they have the influence to bring a change and impact someone’s life negatively or positively" (Winston, 2017).

Without comprehension skills, lyrics would not have the same affect on listeners because they would not understand the meaning of those words. Comprehension in the music classroom allows students to expand upon their own interpretations of words and phrases in a meaningful and effective way.
]]> 2022-07-06 21:09:55 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238356583 Equity and Justice kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238359786 Comprehension requires a combination of previously acquired reading skills and background knowledge, though the knowledge that students enter the classroom with will differ based on their experiences outside of the classroom. This creates an issue of equity in comprehension because one student may find meaning in a word, while another student may find a different meaning in that same word, but both could be correct depending on the context. In this scenario, however, it is possible that only one student is correct. 

It is necessary to enforce equitable comprehension in the classroom to give students the same opportunities for acquiring more knowledge and expanding upon a wider context than what they know from their lives at home.]]> 2022-07-06 21:19:04 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238359786 Definition kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238361424 The article from Reading Rockets states the following regarding vocabulary:

"Vocabulary refers to the words we must understand to communicate effectively" (WETA Public Broadcasting, 2020).

The four types of vocabulary most frequently used by teachers are:
  • Listening
  • Speaking
  • Reading
  • Writing
]]> 2022-07-06 21:24:15 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238361424 Applications kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238362058 There are plenty of ways to apply vocabulary in the general classroom, the most common of which is through drilling and repetition. While these methods are the most familiar, there are more effective ways for students to grow their vocabularies.

Indirect vocabulary learning is the most common way that children learn the meanings of words. This  occurs in three ways:
  • They engage daily in oral language
  • They listen to adults read to them
  • They read extensively on their own

Direct vocabulary learning is taught intentionally by a parent or teacher and includes words that are not used in the students' everyday vernacular. This includes:
  • Providing students with instruction in specific words that are important to students’ content learning or understanding of a particular text
  • Teaching students more general word-learning strategies that they can apply to a variety of words, such as analyzing parts of words (e.g., root words)

There are also some great apps that students can use in the classroom and at home. Some of the apps recommended by Reading Rockets are:
  • Bluster!
  • Mad Libs
  • Montessori Crosswords 
  • Word Dynamo

(WETA Public Broadcasting, 2021).
]]> 2022-07-06 21:26:08 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238362058 Importance in the Music Classroom kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238362131 In a music classroom there are plenty of vocabulary words that students will need to learn, the most basic of which are the names of instruments. From there, students will begin to understand terms such as "soprano" and "alto" to describe sounds and "crescendo" and "decrescendo" to describe techniques. ]]> 2022-07-06 21:26:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238362131 Equity and Justice kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238362171 In conversation, there often comes a time when one participant uses a word that the other does not know. The person who does not recognize the word can typically use context clues to assess the meaning, but this is a skill developed through reading and practice. 

As previously mentioned, students come into a classroom with previous background knowledge that they then apply to what they are learning; vocabulary is no different. Some students may live in a home where their parents use a range of vocabulary words that they have gathered context clues for, while other students may only experience the most fundamental of words. This gap in vocabulary acquisition may not be too damaging during childhood, but as the students get older, the student with a wider vocabulary will have more opportunities presented to them both in school, the workforce, and in their personal lives.

To eliminate this inequity, it is essential for students to be given equal opportunity at understanding the meanings of words through vocabulary learning. ]]> 2022-07-06 21:26:27 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238362171 Definition kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238363659 Writing can simply be defined as:

"...the process of using symbols (letters of the alphabet, punctuation and spaces) to communicate thoughts and ideas in a readable form" (Benwell, n.d.)

While this is the most basic definition of writing available, the above article suggests that there is much more to be gained from writing that the communication of thoughts and ideas in a readable form, stating that:

"Writing is a complex process that requires a wide range of skills — a strong vocabulary; an understanding of genre, text structure, and voice; basic mechanical skills (grammar and punctuation); organizational skills; and higher order thinking" (WETA Public Broadcasting, 2020).
]]> 2022-07-06 21:31:37 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238363659 Applications kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238363748 Writing is one of the most effective ways to gauge student understanding while also incorporating engaging activities. Most classes can incorporate writing into the curriculum, even math. 

The basic skills required for writing competency are:
  • Basic writing skills: spelling, capitalization, punctuation, handwriting/keyboarding, and sentence structure. 
  • Text generation: translating one’s thoughts into language, with word choice (vocabulary), elaboration of detail, and clarity of expression.
  • Writing processes: planning, revising, and editing one’s work. These processes are extremely important to success in writing, and increasingly so as students advance into the middle and secondary grades.
  • Writing knowledge: an understanding of discourse and genre and writing for an audience.

The above article from Reading Rockets suggests apps to improve writing, including:
  • Book Creator
  • Grammaropolis 
  • iWriteWords

(WETA Public Broadcasting, 2021).


]]> 2022-07-06 21:31:57 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238363748 Importance in the Music Classroom kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238363777 Writing can be incorporated into the music classroom through a variety of methods. One of the more popular methods is currently Jeffrey Pflaum's "The Music Writing Project," which involves having students listen to music and relax without any other activity for 10 minutes. He claims that this is highly effective because:

"They begin to visualize mind-pictures, feel feelings, conjure up thoughts and learn to translate them into words. Students contemplate, write about and discuss those experiences with classmates, creating more openness, honesty and sensitivity to themselves, others and the world" (Pflaum, 2012).

This is most important because students will use those visualization-reflection-contemplation processes to learn and generate new ideas.
]]> 2022-07-06 21:32:06 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238363777 Equity and Justice kbrander1 https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238363822 According to the article above, we must make sure to give students equal opportunities to use their imagination, express themselves, and explore their identities. 

"One way we can foreground voice and choice is by encouraging students to select their own topics and develop their own characters. Another is to provide opportunities to write in a variety of genres. Each genre stretches budding writers in a different way" (Rosenthal, 2021).  ]]> 2022-07-06 21:32:15 UTC https://padlet.com/kbrander1/o7nbl24q23vo81vw/wish/2238363822