Unit 9 Personal Archive by Hanna Norberg-Williams https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3 en-us 2022-01-27 15:04:12 UTC 2026-02-02 04:28:01 UTC hello@padlet.com Birds of maine comic hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2016073994 by Michael DeForge, daily comics that range from snippets of conversations that make little sense without context or go nowhere, to more concrete ideas and serious topics, however always drawn and written in a bizarre and confusing way.
https://www.instagram.com/p/CTmfvsirotv/]]> 2022-01-27 15:11:45 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2016073994 Charlie Kaufman’s I’m Thinking of Ending Things hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2016078440 disjointed narratives that don’t quite add up create a surreal and uncanny atmosphere.
ttps://www.indiewire.com/2020/09/charlie-kaufman-explains-im-thinking-of-ending-things-1234584492/ ]]> 2022-01-27 15:13:27 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2016078440 Webcomicname hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2016080369 This sort of nonsense is part of what I enjoy in uncanny/surreal worlds and stories as a lighter aspect that also amplifies the feeling of things being unnatural and jarring, whilst also comical.  https://webcomicname.com/  ]]> 2022-01-27 15:14:14 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2016080369 Shirley (2020) movie hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2016081538 http://thefilmexperience.net/blog/2020/6/10/the-furniture-shirley-and-the-haunting-of-her-own-grim-house.html The depiction of Jackson’s inner world and thoughts in this film tell a story of mental illness and agoraphobia that is both comical and unnerving, Jackson’s interactions with others are very free and unhinged, as she often goes along with the public perception of herself by making herself seem more ‘crazy’ for her own entertainment. Equally her one-track mindset of going down rabbitholes of researching for her book, such as her obsession with a local murder, also play into the idea of escaping your own world into another which relates to my project and the blur between reality and imagination, as Jackson tries to figure out the victim’s inner psyche and writes a book about her that is entirely fictional since she didn’t know her.]]> 2022-01-27 15:14:41 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2016081538 Anomalisa (2015) movie by Charlie Kaufman hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2016083807 https://epochemagazine.org/02/anomalisa-or-the-effort-of-recognition/ 
Anomalisa – the main character’s inner world flavours how people and voices sound, every character having the same face and voice being a reflection of his depression numbing his perception of others. One character briefly has a different face and voice which excites him, but then their voice reverts to the same as everyone else as the excitement wears off. 
]]> 2022-01-27 15:15:36 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2016083807 The Voices Within by Charles Fernyhough hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2016086813
  • ‘This is part of what makes us distinctively human: the fact that, without any external stimulation, a man in an empty room can make himself laugh or cry.’ 
  • ‘If we could listen in to other people’s thoughts, would we find that they are like our own? Or do thoughts have a personal style, an emotional atmosphere that is distinctive to the thinker?’ 
  •  ‘Even if we could somehow make our thoughts heard, it is likely that other people would struggle to make sense of them’ 
  • The way we think so differently and have inner worlds is ‘one the the hallmarks of creativity’. Fernyhough argues that is we evolved ourselves out of ‘intrusive thoughts, irrationality and distractibility’ then ‘creativity might become a thing of the past too’. 
  • Descriptive Experience Sampling (DES) was an Scientific experiment/investigation by Russel Hurlburt. Hurlburt gives his subjects a beeper that goes off intermittently throughout the day, when they hear the beep they must record their current thought in as much detail as possible. This method had been one of the most unique looks into the psyche. Fernyhough describes these insights into our thoughts as similar insights seen in great works of fiction that capture human concioussness well. Hurlburt claims the most common response his subjects have after completing the experiment is ‘”I have learned more about myself than I ever learned about myself before, including my wife and my bar-tender and my psychoanalyst with whom I have had five years worth of therapy”’. Hurlburt describes that for some doing DES is ‘truly life-changing'. This method interested me and I have started setting alarms to document my own thoughts at random intervals. 
  • Hulrburt’s DES experiment also found that only 23% of beeped moments actually contained inner speech, most consisting of entirely wordless thoughts. Fernyhough also claims that there is a ‘huge variation between people in the wordiness of their thoughts’ and that ‘some people don’t use inner speech at all’. He also states that if we do talk to ourselves, ‘the language that ensues must haves some the properties of a conversation between different parts of who we are’. I find this fascinating as it is often my own experience when talking to myself, older, newer, kinder and harsher versions of myself speaking with each other. 
  • Philosopher and psychologist George Herbert Mead, thinking involves a conversation between ‘a socially-constructed self and an internalised ‘other’, an abstract internal interlocutor who can adopt different attitudes on what the self is doing’.  
  •  

    • ]]>     2022-01-27 15:16:47 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2016086813     IN DREAMS, WRITERS SHOW INNER WORLDS: [ALL Edition] CARYN JAMES New York Times News Service. Sun Sentinel; Fort Lauderdale [Fort Lauderdale]. 05 Feb 1995: 10.D. hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2016089219
  • James describes William Burroughs novels as a ‘shadowy place between autobiography and fiction’ and ‘a dreamland where the authors allow us to see how their minds create associations, who matters to them among the living and the dead, how life and fiction merge.’   
  • ‘Revealing and concealing as they choose, these dream books are as reliable - or as unreliable - as conventional autobiographies, and a lot more fun to pore over.’ 
    • https://www.proquest.com/docview/388671045/fulltext/3C7A4AC37A094952PQ/1?accountid=10342  

    ]]>     2022-01-27 15:17:47 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2016089219     ‘Meet the misfits’ by Adrian Searle – about the Inner Worlds Outside exhibition in Whitechapel Gallery 2006 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2016090905 https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2006/may/04/1 
    • ‘a writhing and obsessively detailed drawing of entrails, hands, women and fruit, eggs and rabbits and birds, by a man with more than 100 pseudonyms, who calls himself Von Stropp’  
    • The works in this exhibition are made by mentally ill (sometimes psychotic) artists, also known as ‘outsider art’. Searle describes outsider art as offering  ‘little except a signpost - not to a style or to an aesthetic, but to a place, somewhere beyond the pale and over the margin’ by outsiders such as ‘the criminal, the mentally ill, the spiritual medium, the eccentric, the alienated, or simply the untutored’ 
    • This art crosses between the psyche, the imaginary, and highlights the artists’ innermost disturbing thoughts. 
    • This exhibition showed a mix of well-established artists such as Joan Miro and Jean Dubuffet, and completely unknown artists working entirely outside the art world simply labelled as ‘Anonymous’. The exhibition curator Jon Thompson does this to make the point that  "all human minds are fundamentally the same". 
    • ‘Henry Darger, was a hospital caretaker who, after his death, was discovered to have left a 15,000 page manuscript, and thousands of watercolours and drawings, most of which depict the misadventures of a group of androgynous, semi-clad little girls (Darger may have been ignorant of the details of female anatomy). Darger's drawings are repetitive roundelays of violence, strangulation, torture and murder, made all the more disquieting for the sugary prettiness of the glades and fields where these scenes are set.’ 
    • Searle reflects on thie image of the ‘crazy artist’ and how this is often a media sensation or expectation of artists, describing it as an ‘enduring [myth] of the popular imagination’. 
    ]]>     2022-01-27 15:18:27 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2016090905     Henry Darger – one of the most famous outsider artists hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2016095686 Death and destruction mixed with childhood innocence a common theme in Darger’s work, creating a jarring and disjointed atmosphere.
    https://www.mam.paris.fr/en/expositions/exhibitions-henry-darger 
    ]]>     2022-01-27 15:20:16 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2016095686     Full compendium pdf hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2016108648 2022-01-27 15:25:32 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2016108648 Neurology and surrealism: André Breton and Joseph Babinski by Joost Haan, Peter J. Koehler, Julien Bogousslavsky hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021254228 https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/135/12/3830/282832
    • ‘The influences of psychiatry and psychoanalysis on surrealism and especially those of Sigmund Freud on Breton have been explored in many studies (Kaplan, 1989; Becker, 2000; Drèze, 2003; Rabaté, 2003; Chevrier, 2007; Esman, 2011). Freud is mentioned several times in Breton’s First Manifesto of Surrealism, published in 1924 (Breton, 1924).’ 
    • The disstinction between psychiatry and neurology played an important role in the formation of surrealism, this essay hypothesizes that Andre Breton was highly influenced by neurologist Jospeh Babinski when writing the Surrealist manifesto 
    • Breton speaking about his time working in a psychiatric ward: ‘That is where I could experiment on patients, seeing the nature of diagnosis and psychoanalysis, and in particular, the recording of dreams and free association. These materials were from the beginning at the heart of surrealism’ (Breton, 1993).’ 
    • In 1919, Andre Breton and Philippe Soupault published ‘Les Champs Magnétiques’ which set out the beginnings of surrealism. Each author would write any thought coming to their mind in sentences or half sentences that would be completed by the other author (Breton and Soupault, 1920; Bergengruen, 2009). 
    • The concept of psychological automism was developed by neuropsychiatrist Jules Baillarger around 1850, who asked his patients to write down any thought coming to their mind in rapid succession, he explained this was to portray the patients’ ‘subconscious fixed ideas’, getting to the root of their subconscious mind. This technique was widely used before psychoanalysis was invented. 
    • ‘In First Manifesto of Surrealism (1924), Breton defined surrealism as ‘pure psychic automatism’ reflecting the true functioning of thinking in the absence of any reasoning or moral or aesthetic concern (Breton, 1924). The emphasis upon automatic writing in the early 1920s suggests that the surrealists wanted to parallel aspects of the hysteric’s and psychotic’s experience in their own processes of artistic production. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, they wove elements of hysteria and psychosis into their work, acknowledging it as a form of psychic release that rejected the rational world.’ - is this problematic? Did the surrealists romanticise mental illness or simply see it as a gimmick to be used in their work? The way they used it as a technique to make their work more interesting highlights the contrast between the privileged and well established surrealists and outsider artists portraying their suffering in a raw way that doesn’t require psychological techniques that mimic mental illness. 
    • In his novel ‘Nadja’, this attitude is exposed as the main character, named after Breton, has a romance with the subject and muse, Nadja, whose mental illness leads to her being committed to an asylum, after which Andre discards her as her mental illness becomes too much for him to bear. This illustrates the surrealists’ surface level connection to mental illness and psychosis that was essentially just a muse to them, never something experienced personally or on a deeper level. ‘In the end, it appears that Nadja is mentally ill and has to be admitted to an asylum. The protagonist André uses Nadja as a muse until her symptoms become so worrying that he has to abandon her for her forced institutionalization.’ 
    • ‘He appreciated psychiatric cases not for their therapeutic value, but for their applicability to the roots of artistic creation (Bonnet, 1988; Polizzotti, 1995).’ 
    • Did Breton suffer too? ‘on 11 October 1916, Breton wrote to him about his despair to find that he was himself a ‘degenerate’ unable to take care of his own ‘psychism’ (Bonnet, 1992).’ 

    ]]>     2022-01-31 13:43:54 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021254228     The ‘Continuing Misfortune’ of Automatism in Early Surrealism Tessel M. Bauduin (2015) hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021257961 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=cpo 

    • Surrealist Automatism was a technique used by the surrealists meaning to draw and create without thinking, letting the unconscious mind create. 
    • ‘In 1924 André Breton (1896-1966) published the Manifesto of Surrealism, thereby formally positioning a group of young aspiring poets and artists who had been undertaking collective creative experiments since 1919, as an avant-garde movement. In this first manifest, he provided two definitions of Surrealism; defining it, to begin with, methodologically, as ‘psychic automatism.’ Subsequently, he formulated it along the lines of a religious creed, elucidating that as a psychic mechanism or state of mind, Surrealism served as a solution for the problems of life. Moreover, in Surrealism the reality of dreams, ‘neglected associations,’ and the play of thought were to be considered superior.’ 
    • In his 1933 essay ‘The Automatic Message’ Breton described automatism as a misfortune due to the difficulty in keeping it authentic, how can we be sure what we are doing is automatic? However he stood by automatic writing ‘as the core practice of Surrealism until the end of his life, continuing to practice it on many occasions’ 
    • ‘Automatic writing is a magic dictation, wrote Breton in a 1922 essay, and it is thought that dictates from the unconscious. He refers to ‘heeding’ the voice of one’s own unconscious also;13 while in the 1924 Manifesto he declared that the aim was to obtain from himself a monologue ‘akin to spoken thought.’’ 
    • In automatic writing ‘one has to write quickly not only to keep up with thought’s velocity, but also to keep from listening to the voices of reason, aesthetics or morals.’ In Breton’s words it connects with the ‘essential self-murmur'(From the surrealist manifesto). Breton claims ‘[w]rite quickly, without any preconceived subject, fast enough so that you will not remember what you’re writing and be tempted to reread what you have written.’ 
    • Sensory automatism involves dreaming and hallucinating 
    • ‘Writing, speaking and other physical movements, including walking, are active sensory automatisms’ 
    • ‘Thus suspended in an extended moment of slumbering or almost-falling-asleep, they quickly and immediately wrote down sentences, without apparent thought or pause for re-reading or editing’ - writing their thoughts in a tired, dream-like state just before falling asleep was a strategy that accessed the subconscious. This was a further exploration of automatic writing conducted by Breton and Soupault for the 1920 ‘The Magnetic Fields’ 
    • [w]rite quickly, without any preconceived subject, fast enough so that you will not remember what you’re writing and be tempted to reread what you have written.’ (Breton, The Surrealist Manifesto) this would lead to a ‘rational intervention’ of the creative process. 
    • In many ways the surrealists avenged the misfortunes and abuses of psychiatric medicine by subverting their techniques of drawing out hysteria to be used creatively. ‘In Surrealism expressions of the subliminal, considered to be expressions of unrestrained creativity, in whatever form, means or context, were always framed as poetical. With the reframing of hysteria as an invented disease, its performative qualities only increased.’ By using these techniques to show their own ‘madness’ the surrealists delegitimised their medical significance as techniques for treating ‘hysteria’ and equally led to further developments in the field of psychology. 
    • The surrealists also validated the feminine and subverted gender norms - ‘with an overwhelming majority of hysterics, patients, and mediums being women, one should also not underestimate the importance of the surrealist validation of such traditionally feminine (and therefore, perceived as weak) faculties as intuition, imagination, hallucination, the dream, and the subliminal generally, as relevant, creative and authentic. In the surrealist assumption of the passivity of automatism, there is a certain amount of genderbending going on.’ 
    • 2. DREAMS ARE A GATEWAY TO THE SUBLIMINAL – the surrealists would write down their dreams and share them at meetings. However, similar misfortunes of intervening with the subconscious could occur here as the act of writing down and remembering a dream could change it. 
    • The sleeping sessions (1922-1923) – the surrealists would enter a state of ‘hypnotic slumber’ induced by a séance where participants would holds hands in the dark, at which point the participant would be asked questions, perhaps begin speaking on their own or start to draw. The surrealists did not believe in spiritualism or contact with the dead, and used these seances purely to access their own subconscious. They considered the voice of the dream to be the inner voice. Robert Desnos was particularly good at entering this state, talking for long periods in detail, which Breton lauded in the Manifesto as getting closest to ‘the Surrealist truth’ ‘It shows further that Surrealism is, or to be surrealist is, to directly communicate one’s unconscious.’ There were also accusations of fraud and faking it in this sessions, as the behaviour was sometimes so extreme. 
    • These sessions ended as they became darker in tone, leading to violence, predictions of illness and death, and an attempt at group suicide that was prevented just in time. What does this say about the subconscious? Accessing it can be liberating and terrifying. One surrealist described how they became ‘manic’ and seemed lost as ‘they go into trances to meet one another and converse like people in a faraway world where everyone is blind’ where ‘knives have to be snatched from their hands’ (Aragon, A Wave of Dreams). 
    • Automatic writing was a rebellion against literary elitism, as anyone could do it – it required no literary skill or vision. 
    • The surrealists admired mediums, the institutionalised insane and children as they thought their could access ‘the primitive mind’ in a way the bourgeouis French men could not. ‘The logic of the claims and predictions of mediums and clairvoyants was thought to operate in a manner similar to dream narratives: irrational, strange, absurd and marvellous, and adhering to an inner logic that lies outside of accepted (bourgeois) boundaries of rationality and coherence but may be experienced as logical all the same.’ 
    ]]>     2022-01-31 13:45:41 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021257961     Defining my topic hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021290074 Initially I was unsure exactly how to define the topic I wanted to explore, however I knew it was a vague concept that I had touched on in a painting I made shown above. When trying to define this I came up with the following: 

    ‘Exploring the human condition, sense of self and mental health through creating surrealist and absurdist worlds and characters with emotionally overlapping atmospheres. Also an aspect of making the everyday fantastical. This could take the form of a visual diary/poem that collects my own and others’ stories of emotional confusion, mental illness and feelings of personal growth.’

    Although still vague and convoluted, this gave me a starting point to begin researching from, and led me to look into works by artists, authors, film-makers and psychologists to define how these atmospheres/worlds are accessed and what interests me about them. This is pictured to the left in the form of a mind-map exploring the links between these themes and references that felt relevant.]]>     2022-01-31 14:00:44 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021290074     Leonara Carrington hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021294529 https://wsimag.com/art/13260-leonora-carrington
    • ‘A prolific painter, the exhibition looks at how the artist established her distinctive take on surrealism; characterised by eccentric beings which shift between plant, animal, human and object; between reality and otherworldliness.’ 
    • ‘connected by motifs alluding to invented worlds, domestic objects and settings, an interest in assemblage and a sense of mystery.’ 

    ]]>     2022-01-31 14:02:45 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021294529     What's the point workshop hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021301916 my addition to the padlet - thinking about tangential connections between different sources that interest me. This helped develop my idea of what my project was really about. The eeriness and surreal aspects of these sources seemed to be what interested me most.]]> 2022-01-31 14:06:05 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021301916 Jan Švankmajer hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021312644 Jan Svankmajer-Food Pt.2 (1992) 
    https://vimeo.com/12680446 
    • Similar to my approach to the soup with forks – replacing objects in scenarios to make them strange, funny, unusable and sometimes uncanny. 
     
    Jan Švankmajer’s ‘Darkness, Light, Darkness’ (1989)  
    https://vimeo.com/212875761 
    • Creative use of size, space that connects to agoraphobia as the main character is contained to a house. 
    ]]>     2022-01-31 14:10:48 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021312644     FILM(DZAMA) - Deco Dawson hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021314370 https://vimeo.com/15613340
    Homage to 1920s surrealist cinema that has atmosphere of eerie confusion mixed with comedy and laughable surrealism. The masked banquet in particular – the way the characters are designed, sitting around their tables and getting ready to kill the intruder, then instead deciding to dance. This nonsensical narrative structure also focuses on the main character’s inner psyche, inner world and subconscious. The box he enters representing his inner world.  ]]>     2022-01-31 14:11:31 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021314370     Dorothea Tanning hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021323570 https://www.tate.org.uk/tate-etc/issue-24-spring-2012/between-terror-and-ecstasy
    - ‘The hallucinatory grip governs the contrasting psychological modes, between terror and joy, of metamorphosis. Dorothea Tanning, for example, introduces creatures in the process of metamorphosis into the ‘metaphysical’ space of Giorgio de Chirico. The Surrealist object, assembled, cobbled together, is not a sculpture, but a hallucination materialised and given concrete form. It is the elsewhere of realism permanently installed, in the defamiliarised domestic space.’ ]]>     2022-01-31 14:15:14 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021323570     Los Carpinteros installation work hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021327157 ‘The artists have reinvented and reconfigured familiar domestic objects to create provocative sculptures and installations.’
    https://www.dezeen.com/2010/07/05/the-new-decor-at-hayward-gallery/  
     
    ]]>     2022-01-31 14:16:41 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021327157     Notes hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021472978 2022-01-31 15:10:48 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021472978 Task 1 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021475396 Drawing an environment I am familiar with from memory (in graphite) then adding imaginary parts in colours.]]> 2022-01-31 15:11:47 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021475396 Finalised version of this illustration hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021477016 2022-01-31 15:12:24 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021477016 Task 2 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021478648 Creating a map for this world - initial ideas ]]> 2022-01-31 15:13:03 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021478648 Final version - map to nowhere hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021487964 I went with the abstract concept of a map to nowhere as my world is an inner world, it exists in the subconscious and has no specific location.]]> 2022-01-31 15:16:40 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021487964 Reflection hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021492769 This workshop captured the essence of what I was trying to define about my topic. My interest behind atmosphere, inner worlds and eerie realities was based around me wanting to create a reflection of my own inner worrld that is immersive and unsettling. The principles behind world-building that Isabel Greenberg described, of using a deeper ‘secondary imagination’ to realise this world,  were also beneficial to me in creating a highly imaginary half-reality. One was to first draw an environment that was familiar to me in one colour, then in a different colour add imaginary parts. This task in particular helped me to create this eerie half-reality based on both my own real world and my inner world.


    ]]>     2022-01-31 15:18:34 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021492769     Task 1 - listing an inventory of objects relating to my text hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021495413 2022-01-31 15:19:30 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021495413 Task 2 - writing a poem from the perspective of soup hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021498108 2022-01-31 15:20:38 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021498108 Translating a text that I can't understand - playing with nonsense hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021500199 2022-01-31 15:21:28 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021500199 Reflection hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021501089 After writing the short story and discovering that writing seemed to be an effective way for me to generate ideas, I wanted to explore more experimental writing techniques which the Play with Text workshop with Jen Franklin helped me to do. Using the original story as a basis, I could push the ideas into more absurd territories with the techniques of Oulipo and through creating lists visualising the environment the text takes place in. Writing a poem from the perspective of soup gave the story an absurd component that added to the feelings of comfort, as at this point its tone leaned further into feelings of discomfort. 

    The final step of this workshop was to create an illustration depicting something that I had written. I decided this would be a good opportunity to visualise the soup eating dinner party guests, showing the soup as a living entity and highlighting the absurdity of this scenario. I continued the theme of my previous illustrations of using a black background, as the contrast of a dark, eerie void-like background and bright colour characters mixes the feelings of comfort and discomfort that I am interested in. This illustration is mostly successful in capturing this atmosphere, however I felt the naive style I had drawn it in hindered the immersiveness of this atmosphere. Creating more realistic-looking environments with surreal elements would create more of a contrast and be more gripping. 

    ]]>     2022-01-31 15:21:48 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021501089     Illustration of eating soup with forks hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021504591 2022-01-31 15:23:09 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021504591 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021509625 2022-01-31 15:25:05 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021509625 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021511837 2022-01-31 15:25:58 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021511837 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021512499 2022-01-31 15:26:14 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021512499 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021513445 2022-01-31 15:26:36 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021513445 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021514220 2022-01-31 15:26:54 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021514220 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021515683 2022-01-31 15:27:25 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021515683 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021516405 2022-01-31 15:27:42 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021516405 Digital edits hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021519016 2022-01-31 15:28:45 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021519016 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021525662 2022-01-31 15:31:17 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021525662 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021525960 2022-01-31 15:31:25 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021525960 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021526941 2022-01-31 15:31:48 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021526941 Reflection hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021529035 Following on from the success of writing and automatic writing in particular, I used phrases and elements of my writing in the letterpress workshop to further visualise these ideas and how this text could be incorporated into my illustrative work. Using the physical letters and playing with the randomness of the outcomes was a more tangible and experimental way to engage with this than doing it in Photoshop. Making mistakes by accidentally writing things backwards and using stencils to create shapes allowed me to play with the text and push the ideas further.

    After the workshop I continued experimenting with these images digitally as I wanted to see if I could push the ideas further, inverting them to create the void-like background I find effective and overlapping different pieces to create a more disjointed feeling. However, ultimately this was just refining the images and didn’t lead to me generating any new ideas. As a whole, this workshop was ultimately more useful as a thought activity to help me push my ideas further rather than to create artwork that actually captures the atmosphere and world-building I am interested in.]]>     2022-01-31 15:32:37 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021529035     'The Automatic Message' in surrealism hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021537626 In my research, I looked into the techniques and concepts behind surrealism as it is the natural reference for mixing elements of the real and imagined. I became particularly interested in the cross-over between surrealist techniques and psychological techniques used in mental hospitals in Victorian times. The technique the surrealists used the most from this period was ‘automatism’ - a neurological technique originally used by doctors to further understand their patients’ mental states by getting them to write down their thoughts without thinking too much, and getting into a sort of ‘flow’ state of writing. The surrealists used this to connect with their own subconscious and generate stranger ideas, also creating a spinoff from this in automatic drawing.]]> 2022-01-31 15:36:00 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021537626 Trying automatic drawing hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021541146 After reading about automatic drawing I first thought I would try it simply through getting out one colour of paint and painting without thought on scraps of paper. This approach was less successful than I had hoped, it felt forced to try to draw without thought and I think closeness to drawing inhibited me to fully let go and draw ‘automatically’. The concepts I came up with did not interest me and fell flat.

    ]]>     2022-01-31 15:37:24 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021541146     Automatic writing hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021546157 In the Surrealist Manifesto, Andre Breton explained how to conduct automatic writing correctly, claiming it needed to be at a fast pace to ‘keep up with thought’s velocity but also to keep from listening to the voices of reason, aesthetics or morals’ (Breton, A. 1924). This meant not allowing yourself any control over what the writing would be about, the tone of it, and how embarrassing or bad it could be. 


    I explored automatic writing with this guidance in mind at various times of day and through typing. Automatic writing was very successful and gave me most of the ideas for this project. I found that whilst writing I would get into a flow state and could explore different ideas and thoughts easier than with drawing. When re-reading my writing after I had stopped, I noticed there was a range of tone and subject matter that spanned from silly observations to quite serious and dark thoughts. Due to the fast pace of the writing it allowed me to write down many over-lapping thoughts to the point where, on re-reading it, I didn’t remember writing several parts. These observations tell me that this method acted as quite a clear stream of consciousness. This connected with the subconscious in ways I hadn’t experienced before, and felt close to how Andre Breton described it as a ‘magic dictation’ that connects to ‘essential self-murmur’ (Bauduin, T. 2015). ]]>     2022-01-31 15:39:21 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021546157     Descriptive Experience Sampling (DES) hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021548935 Psychologist Russel Hurlburt was interested in inner voices and came up with an experiment/investigation he called Descriptive Experience Sampling (DES). In this experiment, Hurlburt gave his subjects a beeper that would go off intermittently throughout the day, when they hear dthe beep they would record their current thought in as much detail as possible (Fernyhough, C 2016). Fernyhough , author of ‘The Voices Within: The History and Science of How We Talk to Ourselves’ had looked into many experiments attempting to uncover the inner voice organically, and described this method had been one of the most unique looks into the psyche (Fernyhough, C. 2016).

    This method interested me and I began to set alarms to document my own thoughts at random intervals. However the results were quite mixed, as I often had forgotten what my thought was as I was writing it down or as the beeper went off. Equally as I was setting my own alarms I had a rough idea of when they were going to go off, meaning my thoughts were sometimes about the experiment. When re-reading these thoughts, I was quite surprised at how dark many of them were, which did give me some insight into my subconscious. They were quite simple dark thoughts and gave me little to work with creatively, as this was not the direction I was interested in.
    However, this did make me start to think about my thoughts in a different, more conscious way, and gave me some insight into how inner worlds work. ]]>     2022-01-31 15:40:27 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021548935     Writing down dreams and writing down thoughts just before sleep/in a sleepy state hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021560591 The surrealists also spoke of writing down dreams and keep themselves awake for long periods to wear out the brain and get more absurd and surreal ideas. I tried this method a few times, and most of these thoughts were difficult to understand the next day as writing in a sleep state also leads to poor communication of ideas. 

    However, I wrote down one dream (pictured above) that I remembered quite vividly (though didn't write down how vivid it was) which gave me an idea for a story that I then wrote about travelling to a social event and having a horrible journey. ]]>     2022-01-31 15:45:03 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021560591     A semi-automatic story hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021605532 Following on from my initial endeavours in automatic writing, drawing, DES and recording dreams, I wanted to write a story inspired by some of the ideas generated. This story was also written in a semi-automatic way, as there was little consideration of narrative structure, punctuation or it making sense and it was written at a fast pace to allow any thought I had to be written down.

    The story was based loosely on the dream I had about the horrible journey to an event I didn't want to go to, focused on exaggerating this to the extreme and pushing the world around that story into something more complex. This ended up with the character arriving at the event, which was a dinner with people they don't know where everyone was eating soup with forks. In hindsight I think this scene was inspired by a scene in Charlie Kaufman's 'I'm Thinking of Ending Things' where the family are eating dinner for a long time, but the amount of food keeps increasing and they are behaving in a very confusing, uncanny way. This atmosphere intrigues me as it combines social anxiety with uncanny feelings, which I think highlights what it's like to live with social anxiety. This story is successful in uncovering my own subconscious, as when looking at is closer and in hindsight and I can see how it highlights my own mental health issues in any many ways as there is anxiety about leaving the house and socialising with people I don't know. Portraying these things in an extreme and discomforting way gets across how extreme these feelings can be which I think is successful in this story. ]]>     2022-01-31 16:02:29 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021605532     Drawing on top of photos of my house hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021645728 The task in the worldbuilding workshop of first drawing a real space and then adding imaginary aspects can also be used a way to combine automatic drawing with something more real. As my focus was on real spaces mixing with a subconscious half-reality and agoraphobia, setting these drawings in the real space that is my home would allow me to combine a comfortable environment with surreal and absurd uncomfortable elements. 

    I decided to basically trace on top photos I had taken around my house as if the drawings where photographs. I then added things on top of these drawings based on ideas I had in automatic writing and exaggerating things that had happened in the house (like a fox running up the stairs), but also simply by doing automatic drawings on top. This combination of reality and subconscious helped me to solidify and form an atmosphere of comfort v. discomfort that is uncanny. As Freud stated, the uncanny occurs when something is also real but not quite. Creating more real environments and then manipulating them with imaginary aspects was a successful strategy in achieving this. ]]>     2022-01-31 16:18:00 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021645728     Mindmap - what am I interested in? hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021655061 Trying to uncover what my topic is]]> 2022-01-31 16:21:27 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021655061 Stairs hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021778528 Inspired by a fox that came into my house, exaggerating the scenario ]]> 2022-01-31 17:10:33 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021778528 Kitchen hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021780349 Adding intestines to the empty cupboard - from a line in my automatic writing]]> 2022-01-31 17:11:20 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021780349 Garden hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021790719 the 'garden' where I live gives me oblique and uncanny feelings due to the random objects left by landlords (doors and bricks) and the way the plants grow through the chair. I exaggerated this by creating a fire in the chair. However in this case the illustration creates a more calming feeling that the original image. ]]> 2022-01-31 17:15:33 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021790719 Living room hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021796805 For this drawing I replaced the painting with a window, and added a levitating person on a chair inspired by the idea of empty chairs in my automatic writing. This creates an eerie atmosphere that feels somewhat comforting due to the soft glow of the light and the tranquil colour scheme.]]> 2022-01-31 17:18:06 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021796805 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021799839 To develop and visualise ideas I had formed in automatic writing, I made some rough sketches of these ideas. When looking over these as a group they gave me a strong sense of a house slowly falling apart and entering a surreal realm, and therefore a stronger sense of a world with atmosphere. I wanted to illuminate this environment in the most immersive way possible to suck the viewer into the atmosphere. ]]> 2022-01-31 17:19:26 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021799839 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021800271 2022-01-31 17:19:37 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021800271 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021800966 2022-01-31 17:19:54 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021800966 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021801887 I then went on to visualise these ideas further by making this illustration pictured right. The aim was to exaggerate the atmosphere which I think the dark and glowy aesthetic achieves. Equally this made me think more about using text in my work as it contextualises the visuals.]]> 2022-01-31 17:20:15 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021801887 Reflection hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021804562 Aesthetically these illustration explore and expand upon my visual languague by adding more realistic elements. This is a new way for me to work visually that I think is efficient.

    Conceptually, these illustrations as a collection give off a feeling of agoraphobia and half-real headspaces existing within a comfortable environment. ]]>     2022-01-31 17:21:14 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021804562     A bus arriving from the void hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021953231 2022-01-31 18:22:49 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2021953231 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022009841 2022-01-31 18:47:23 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022009841 egg hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022011368 After the first animation I was curious to continue exploring this medium as it seemed to reach the immersive goals of atmosphere that I was looking for. Equally I thought that with more time I could learn to use it in a way that was more effective.

    This started with an egg animation that I made automatically simply by making something in the restraints of my own animation skills. The idea came from some eggs someone had left open in my house, again taking an aspect of reality and subverting it.]]>     2022-01-31 18:48:03 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022011368     shower hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022037894 I had a dream about something coming out of the shower drain, though I wasn’t sure exacly what. I took this concept literally, animating a black, grainy void coming out the drain that swallows the whole screen. The graininess and blurriness connect directly to the vagueness of the dream.]]> 2022-01-31 18:59:41 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022037894 kitchen hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022039318 I then went on to make an animation of my kitchen, taking visuals directly from a previous drawing and the world-building workshop outcome. The subversions in the kitchen are taken directly from automatic writing about empty cupboards, having an empty stomach, an overflowing sink and a thought I had before bed about leaving the freezer open. When expanding this drawing to a wider aspect ratio I added the floor tiles on the left going into a dark void-like space to further illustrate that this is a dream-state environment.

    ]]>     2022-01-31 19:00:22 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022039318     stairs hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022040937 The final animation I created also took direct reference from automatic writing about overflowing sinks, airing out the room and curtains blowing. The movement of the curtains and water is deliberately unrealistic to give an uncanny atmosphere and relate directly to dream physics. 

    ]]>     2022-01-31 19:01:10 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022040937     Recording sounds hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022044724 2022-01-31 19:02:56 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022044724 Manipulating sounds in premiere hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022045705 For the sound effects, I looked at the sounds used in Jan Svankmajers’ animations which are quite cartoonish and a music project called ‘Ominous Mulittudes’ that uses many fields recordings of familiar sounds, edited to create eerie atmosphere. I took the field recording approach, recording sounds around the house of drains, fridges opening, floor panels creaking, tapping on windows and more. These were then edited with effects and sometimes used realistically (the drain used for the shower drain) and sometimes used 

    ]]>     2022-01-31 19:03:22 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022045705     Actually eating soup with a fork hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022049768 2022-01-31 19:05:22 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022049768 Messages from the subconscious hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022057043 https://vimeo.com/665009016]]> 2022-01-31 19:08:49 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022057043 Reflection hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022057504 In the final animation I rearranged the order of the videos and arranged the sound to make it as fragmented as possible, however giving some sections a sense a flow both visually and sonically. As a whole this video addresses my venture into the subconscious and presents it clearly, the surrealist contextual knowledge clearly informing this. The lack of structure and plot  and the combination of tranquil colours and comforting environments with eerie obstructions executes an atmosphere of an uncanny, fragmented subconscious.  ]]> 2022-01-31 19:09:03 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022057504 Research hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022058482 When looking into Parallax's brand image both in their social media presence and their website, I noticed the general aesthetic was soft and light, using a combination of washed out pastels and bright yellow. This gives a fun and carefree feeling.]]> 2022-01-31 19:09:31 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022058482 Sketching hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022058755 2022-01-31 19:09:39 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2022058755 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2023413226 The majority of the references I was most interested in were films and videos, I reflected on why these formats were so interesting to me and realised it was because the combination of moving visuals and sound allow for a much richer sense of atmosphere and more immersive world-building.

    Initially I started animating with very little knowledge of how to do it and what I was making. Buses had come up in my drawings a lot so I used this as a strating point, and to learnt the different tools in After Effects. This was also a form of automatic animation as I went in without a plan.
     
    This resulted in an animation of a bus arriving from a ‘void’, bending and stretching when it arrives, and then being sucked into the void again. The way the physics don’t make sense and then bus changes its structure as if it’s made from putty is an aspect I really enjoy, and also links to aspects of surrealism very clearly. However, my limitations in animating were clear here as some parts of the animation are not as seamsless as they could be, for example the headlights on the bus don’t quite move in the same way as the bus making it clear they are not actually attached to it. Equally, although this animation creates a sense of atmosphere, it doesn’t tell a story and doesn’t directly link to the research I have been doing.]]>     2022-02-01 14:22:26 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2023413226     Creating music hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2026117422 For the music, I created a playlist of ambient and unsettling music that achieved an atmosphere I wanted. Many of these songs had long, droning chords and many overlapping edited instruments. The ones I found most effective sounded quite disjointed, sometimes quite unstructured. This gave the idea to try to make ‘automatic’ music by recording myself playing the keyboard for a long period of time, simply playing random chords and melodies I came up with on the spot. The results were mixed but included sections that droned on with many suspended chords and dissonant chords that have an eerie quality I enjoy. These chords would sometimes be played continuously in a loop as I tried to figure out what to do next, then abruptly changing into new melodies. This was effective in achieving an unsettling atmosphere due to the intermittent structure. I went on to pitch shift and add effects to these recordings, curating and editing them to intensify the atmosphere. Although the results are very simple and I am by no means a musician, they allowed me to experiment musically in a way that I haven’t before and create unique ‘automatic’ sounds as another layer of surrealist context.

    ]]>     2022-02-02 19:09:29 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2026117422     hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2026203521 Reflection on unit 9 
    Knowledge I have acquired: 
    • Practical: skills in after effects, better writing skills and some vague knowledge of processes in letterpress etc. Also further establishing my own style aesthetically. 
    • Organisational: This project has in many way made me more aware of the pitfalls of my work habits. Having a set schedule is not helpful for me when doing something creative, but can be helpful in the writing parts of the project. I tend to work in intense bursts where I focus on nothing in my life except my project. This is not how I would necessarily want to work, as sometimes it affects me negatively in my work/life balance. In future I would like to try to set time limits on the days I work and roughly follow a schedule of 5 days a week, trying to keep this more regular and limiting the intense bursts. 
    • Contextual – incorporating both artistic (surrealist) and scientific (psychology and neurology) knowledge into my practice has expanded my creative process but also made me more aware of the context it lies in. 
    • Social – where would this project exist socially? This project has also taught me a lot about how to communicate certain atmosphere better. In unit 10 I hope to further expand upon this by creating a more concrete story and world, that can be accessed both in a gallery setting and online. 
    • Conceptual – many conceptual ideas about the relationship between art and mental health, using art as a tool to communicate. 
    • Practice – process? Automatic drawing and writing may become a part of my practice  permanently as they remove some of the inhibitions I usually experience when trying to come up with ideas, allowing for more experimental and exciting ideas.  
    ]]>     2022-02-02 19:55:57 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2026203521     hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2026205728 2022-02-02 19:57:13 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2026205728 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2026206229 2022-02-02 19:57:30 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2026206229 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2026207098 2022-02-02 19:58:00 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2026207098 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2026207640 2022-02-02 19:58:18 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2026207640 Parallax brand image hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2026208696 2022-02-02 19:58:55 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2026208696 Automatic sculpture hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2026211834 Following the brief for the WIP show, I decided to make a very quick sculpture in the 'automatic' sense. I started out with wire as a material, shaping it to see what it felt like and then getting the idea to create a fork. As I continued trying to work on it without a plan, it continued to change and become a stranger shape. After I felt it was finished I made some salt dough to use as a stand, and added red acrylic paint to link to the soup with forks concept.]]> 2022-02-02 20:00:50 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2026211834 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2026212229 Overall this outcome took a very direct instruction from the brief, as I deeply disliked it and felt it should be in the bin. However, the challenge of exhibiting something I am not entirely happy with gave me a more social context for my work and how I want to be seen as an illustrator. I felt this work did not represent me well, and taking part in a show for the first time since the pandemic made me more aware of how my other work might present this way.]]> 2022-02-02 20:01:05 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2026212229 Vinyl portrait hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2026213034 2022-02-02 20:01:36 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2026213034 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027904733 In my sketches I was aware of the spookiness my style sometimes leans into, trying to dial it back and focus on keeping some weirdness that is still comfortable. This was a challenge for me that made me reflect on my visual habits, thinking about simple things like how I draw hands and how to make them less creepy. When decided which of these sketches to develop, some of them were still too creepy, such as the multiple hands coming out of the camera, and had to be discarded. ]]> 2022-02-03 16:46:10 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027904733 First submission hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027906261 2022-02-03 16:46:53 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027906261 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027907415 2022-02-03 16:47:24 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027907415 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027909090 2022-02-03 16:48:06 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027909090 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027910382 2022-02-03 16:48:39 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027910382 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027921501 The illustrations I submitted in the first round were a much softer, friendlier version of my style. These focused on the film process, both shooting and developing the film. When submitting these I was aware they would perhaps push slightly outside of Parallax's brand image, but wanted to perhaps push the boundaries of what they could consider and make something that stands out from the many other submissions they would receive. ]]> 2022-02-03 16:53:29 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027921501 Feedback hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027962270 The feedback I received for these illustrations was quite mixed. They seemed interested in some aspects of the illustrations, like the hand coming out of the camera, but also felt some of the designs were too far off-brand. I followed up on this feedback as it felt somewhat unclear, asking them to specify which illustrations felt off-brand and how they did. 

    This gave me a better idea of what wasn't working, as I found out it was more to do with the general tone of the illustrations than something specific. They affirmed that the general tone they wanted was 'lighter' and 'playful' compared to the 'dark' and 'spooky' quality of my illustrations. When looking back at what I had submitted with a bit more distance, I could exactly the dark and spooky quality they were referring to. This was unintentional and something that felt ingrained in how I draw figures, but not something I wanted to be restricted to.]]>     2022-02-03 17:10:54 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027962270     Softening and de-creepifying the characters hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027964894 I began re-drawing the illustrations by softening the angular features of the people, making the fingers less spindly, the general shapes of all the objects more rounded rather than crooked and the faces friendlier and softer. This immediately changed the tone, and although out of my own style preference I could see how it fit the brand image better. I then began removing the heavy use of black, using more of the softer colours in their previous branding.]]> 2022-02-03 17:12:05 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027964894 Final submission hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027968243 Changing the way I write the text also made the tone lighter and more playful. Previously it had been angular and crooked, so instead I made the writing more rounded and made the letters wider to create a cuter appearance. I also added more textured details and played with the colours more than the previous submission, using this as a tool to give my illustrations more personality rather than simply making everything creepy.]]> 2022-02-03 17:13:29 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027968243 Sticker sheet hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027969076 2022-02-03 17:13:52 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027969076 Sticker sheet hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027976335 2022-02-03 17:17:16 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027976335 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027980875 2022-02-03 17:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027980875 Tote bag visualisations hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027981395 2022-02-03 17:19:34 UTC https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2027981395 hnorbergwilliams0420171_2 https://padlet.com/hnorbergwilliams0420171_2/o73ymebcyvajimq3/wish/2031962314  Alex, L. (2020) Inside the Trippy and Complex Universe of ‘The Midnight Gospel’ Available at: https:// www.awn.com/animationworld/inside-trippy-and-complex-universe-midnight-gospel (Accessed 20 October 2021) 

    Anomalisa (2015) Directed by Charlie Kaufman [Feature film] Prime video (Accessed 8 November 2021) 

    Baer, D. (2016) How the Surrealists Harnessed Their Dreams and Made the World Way Weirder Available at: https://www.thecut.com/2016/10/how-the-surrealists-harnessed-their-dreams.html (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Baldock, J. (2020) Some more install shots from my installation @kunsthall_stavanger - ‘Me, Myself & I’ until 8th November photo by @saeterjoergensen [Instagram] 29 September. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/CFtqWDll-jf/ (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Baldock, J. (2021) “I’m Still Learning” @lacasaencendida closes this Sunday 3rd October so I’ll finally stop banging on about it. [Instagram] 30 September. Available at: https://www.instagram. com/p/CUcGmn2olHX/ (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Bauduin, T. M. (2015) The ‘Continuing Misfortune’ of Automatism in Early Surrealism Available at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=cpo (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Bogousslavsky, J. Haan, J. Koehler, P. J. (2012) ‘Neurology and surrealism: André Breton and Joseph Babinski’ Brain. 7 June, pp. 3830–3838. 

    Breton, A. (1924) The Surrealist Manifesto Éditions du Sagittaire 

    Brocklehurst, H. (2021) Ever feel like the Spotify shuffle isn’t actually random? Here’s the algorithm explained Available at: https://thetab.com/uk/2021/11/17/spotify-shuffle-explained-228639#:~:- text=Spotify%20HAS%20changed%20the%20shuffle%20algorithm&text=The%20issue%20is%20 that%20as,in%20a%20row%20every%20time. (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Burroughs, W. (1959) Naked Lunch New York City: Grove Press Carrington, L. (1965) Friday The Thirteenth [Painting] Carrington, L. (1947) The Giantess Tate Liverpool 

     Chevrier, J. (2019) Between terror and ecstasy Available at: https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/ automatism (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Conley, K. (2006) ‘Surrealism and Outsider Art: From the “Automatic Message” to André Breton’s Collection’ Yale French Studies, 109,pp. 129–143. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4149290 (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Dali, S. (1931) The Persistence of Memory [Oil painting] New York: Museum of Modern Art 

    Darger, H. (c. Mid-twentieth century) Again running from forest flame [Painting] Musée d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris. Available at: https://www.mam.paris.fr/en/expositions/exhibitions-henry-darger (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Darger, H. (c. Mid-twentieth century) Untitled [Painting] Available at: https://flash---art.com/2017/06/ henry-darger-center-for-intuitive-and-outsider-art-chicago/ (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Dawson, D. (2001) FILM(DZAMA) [Video art] Available at: https://vimeo.com/15613340 (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    DeForge, M.(2021) 374 [Instagram] 9 September. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/CTmfvsirotv/ (Accessed 20 October 2021) 

    Dovas (2015) Designer Creates Perfectly Useless Product Designs Available at: https://www.boredpanda.com/useless-object-design-the-unusable-katerina-kamprani/ (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Dumontier, J. (1985) CATHERINE ET L’ARMOIRE Available at: http://claireheggen.theatredumouvement. fr/en/catherine-et-larmoire-en/ (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Dzama, M. (2002) Untitled [Drawing] Available at: https://www.moma.org/collection/works/95866 (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Earle, S. M. (2010) Inner worlds: Colby-sawyer photo exhibit stays inside Available at: https://www. proquest.com/docview/402990876/fulltext/5CF5EE5472C34ED3PQ/1?accountid=10342 (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    English, C. (2021) How the ‘art of the insane’ inspired the surrealists – and was twisted by the Nazis Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/aug/08/how-the-art-of-the-insaneinspired-the-surrealists-and-was-twisted-by-the-nazis (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

     Eno, B. (1975) ‘Oblique Strategies Card Game’ Available at: https://www.enoshop.co.uk/product/oblique-strategies.html (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Fernyhough, C. (2016) The Voices Within: The History and Science of How We Talk to Ourselves London: Wellcome Collection 

    Freud, S. (1919) The “Uncanny” Available at: https://web.mit.edu/allanmc/www/freud1.pdf (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Gerber, T. (2017) Anomalisa, or The Effort of Recognition Available at: https://epochemagazine. org/02/anomalisa-or-the-effort-of-recognition/ (Accessed 20 October 2021) 

    Ginsberg, A. (2000) Deliberate Prose: Selected Essays, 1952-1995 New York: HarperCollins Publishing Ltd. 

    Godwin, R. (2021) If you are in #London come and see my #Knitted #Sculptures in The Absurb with @fubarcollective the #cryptgallery #StPancreas chuch. Open 27-30 August 12-7pm [Instagram] 26 August. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/CTCIgDIsTMf/ (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Gusmão, J. Paiva, P. (2006) Colombo’s Column [Video art] Available at: https://vimeo.com/51052693 (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Gusmão, J. Paiva, P. (2007) The Human Torch [Video art] Available at: https://vimeo.com/51052692 (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Gusmão, J. Paiva, P. (2009) 3 Suns [Video art] Available at: https://vimeo.com/51034904 (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Hambrook, C. (2006) Inner Worlds Outside Available at: https://www.disabilityartsonline.org.uk/inner-worlds-outside (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    I’m Thinking of Ending Things (2020) Directed by Charlie Kaufman [Feature film] Netflix (Accessed: 5 November 2021) 

    James, C. (1995) ‘IN DREAMS, WRITERS SHOW INNER WORLDS’ Sun Sentinel (All Edition) 5 February, Page 10. Available at: https://www.proquest.com/docview/388671045/fulltext/3C7A4AC37A094952PQ/1?accountid=10342 (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

     Klaus, I. (2019) The Book That Captured Mid-’70s Paris Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/ news/articles/2019-12-20/when-writer-georges-perec-tried-to-exhaust-paris (Accessed 21 January 2022) Kristeva, J. (1982) POWERS OF HORROR An Essay on Abjection Available at: https://users.clas.ufl. edu/burt/touchyfeelingsmaliciousobjects/Kristevapowersofhorrorabjection.pdf (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Kohn, E. (2020) Charlie Kaufman’s Guide to ‘I’m Thinking of Ending Things’: The Director Explains Its Mysteries Available at: https://www.indiewire.com/2020/09/charlie-kaufman-explains-im-thinkingof-ending-things-1234584492/ (Accessed 20 October 2021) 

    Laity, P. (2017) The Surreal Life of Leonora Carrington by Joanna Moorhead – review Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/apr/05/the-surreal-life-of-leonora-carrington-joanna-moorhead-review (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Lawlor, W. (2005) Beat Culture: Lifestyles, Icons, and Impact Santa Barbara: ‎ABC-CLIO 

    Los Carpinteros (2007) Cama [Sculpture] The Hayward Gallery 

    McNally, F. (2017) Lionising Leonora – An Irishman’s Diary about artist Leonora Carrington Available at: https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/lionising-leonora-an-irishman-s-diary-about-artist-leonora-carrington-1.3037851 (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Ominous Multitudes (2021) A Silent House for the Genius [Cassette] USA: Industrial Coast . 

    Outsider Art Fair (no date) Sava Sekulić Available at: https://www.outsiderartfair.com/artists/sava-sekulic (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Parr, H. (2006) ‘Mental Health, the Arts and Belongings’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers New Series, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 150-166 . Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3804378 (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

    Peat, F.D. (1987) Synchronicity Italy: Pari Publishing Pienkowski, J. (1979) Haunted house London: Walker Books

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    Poetry Foundation (no date) An Introduction to the Beat Poets Available at: https://www.poetryfoundation.org/collections/147552/an-introduction-to-the-beat-poets (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

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    Tarmy, J. (2016) ‘Outsider art goes mainstream’ Bloomberg Magazine Available at: https:// web-s-ebscohost-com.arts.idm.oclc.org/ehost/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=c4d2125d-4d2c4556-bfdc-9962092ac80d%40redis&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=140739003&db=bth (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

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    UK Disability History Month (2017) Franz Karl Bühler, 1864–1940 Available at:https://ukdhm.org/ franz-karl-buhlerpohl-schizophrenia-1864-1940-murdered-nazi-t4-programme/ (Accessed 21 January 2022) 

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