CIVIL RIGHTS by Lucia Vara https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7 en-us 2018-11-23 14:30:14 UTC 2018-11-24 08:41:05 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Shakinghands.png The civil rights movement was a struggle for social justice that took place mainly during the 1950s and 1960s for blacks to gain equal rights under the law in the United States. They, along with many whites, mobilized and began an unprecedented fight for equality that spanned two decades. luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307281390 2018-11-23 14:44:51 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307281390 luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307282235 2018-11-23 14:49:41 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307282235 During Reconstruction, “Jim Crow” laws were established to marginalize blacks in the South, beginning in the late 19th century. Blacks couldn’t use the same public facilities as whites, live in many of the same towns or go to the same schools. Interracial marriage was illegal, and most blacks couldn’t vote because they were unable to pass voter literacy tests. luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307284551 2018-11-23 15:02:08 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307284551 As the Cold War began, President Harry Truman issued Executive Order 9981 to end discrimination in the military. These events helped set the stage for grass-roots initiatives to enact racial equality legislation and incite the civil rights movement. luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307289831 2018-11-23 15:26:33 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307289831 luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307290160 2018-11-23 15:28:10 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307290160 luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307291138 2018-11-23 15:33:06 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307291138 On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks found a seat on a bus after work. Segregation laws at the time stated blacks must sit in designated seats at the back of the bus. When a white man got on the bus and couldn’t find a seat in the white section, the bus driver instructed Parks and three other blacks to give up their seats Parks refused to this instection and was arrested. luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307291268 2018-11-23 15:33:42 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307291268 Little Rock Nine was group of African American high-school students who challenged racial segregation in the public schools of Little Rock, Arkansas. The group, consisting of : Melba Pattillo, Ernest Green, Elizabeth Eckford, Minnijean Brown, Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls, Jefferson Thomas, Gloria Ray, and Thelma Mothershed became the centre of the struggle to desegregate public schools in the United States, especially in the South. The events that followed their enrollment in Little Rock Central High School provoked intense national debate about racial segregation and civil rights. luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307292162 2018-11-23 15:37:44 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307292162 luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307292712 2018-11-23 15:40:42 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307292712 President Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act into law, the first major civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. It allowed federal prosecution of anyone who tried to prevent someone from voting. It also created a commission to investigate voter fraud. luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307293942 2018-11-23 15:47:13 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307293942 luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307294059 2018-11-23 15:47:46 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307294059 luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307337229 2018-11-23 21:43:57 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307337229 The Greensboro sit-in was a civil rights protest that started in 1960, when young African-American students staged a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth’s lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, and refused to leave after being denied service. The sit-in movement soon spread to college towns throughout the South. Though many of the protesters were arrested for trespassing, disorderly conduct or disturbing the peace, their actions made an immediate and lasting impact, forcing Woolworth’s and other establishments to change their segregationist policies. luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307337553 2018-11-23 21:48:40 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307337553 I Have a Dream, speech by Martin Luther King, Jr., that was delivered on August 28, 1963, during the March on Washington. A call for equality and freedom, it became one of the defining moments of the civil rights movement and one of the most iconic speeches in American history. Some 250,000 people gathered at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., for the March on Washington. The one-day event both protested racial discrimination and encouraged the passage of civil rights legislation; at the time, the Civil Rights Act was being discussed in Congress. luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307341016 2018-11-23 22:05:38 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307341016 luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307341111 2018-11-23 22:06:51 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307341111 luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307341424 2018-11-23 22:10:49 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307341424 President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, initiated by JFK before his assassination on July 2 of that year. King and other civil rights activists witnessed the signing. The law guaranteed equal employment for all, limited the use of voter literacy tests and allowed federal authorities to ensure public facilities were integrated. luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307341437 2018-11-23 22:10:59 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307341437 luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307341669 2018-11-23 22:14:01 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307341669 Malcolm X was an American Muslim minister and human rights activist. To his admirers he was a courageous advocate for the rights of blacks, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans; detractors accused him of preaching racism and violence. He was murdered in 1965. luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307344192 2018-11-23 22:48:36 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307344192 luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307344516 2018-11-23 22:53:02 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307344516 luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307344644 2018-11-23 22:55:17 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307344644 On March 7, 1965, the civil rights movement in Alabama took an especially violent turn as 600 peaceful demonstrators participated in the Selma to Montgomery march to protest the killing of a black civil rights activist by a white police officer and encourage legislation to enforce the 15th amendment. As they neared the Edmund Pettus Bridge, they were blocked by Alabama state and local police. Refusing to stand down, protestors moved forward and were viciously beaten and teargassed by police and dozens of protestors were hospitalized. The entire incident was televised and became known as “Bloody Sunday.” Some activists wanted to retaliate with violence, but King pushed for nonviolent protests and eventually gained federal protection for another march. luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307344652 2018-11-23 22:55:23 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307344652 When President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act into law on August 6, 1965, he took the Civil Rights Act of 1964 several steps further. The new law banned all voter literacy tests and provided federal examiners in certain voting jurisdictions.It also allowed the attorney general to contest state and local poll taxes. As a result, poll taxes were later declared unconstitutional in Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections in 1966. luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307345094 2018-11-23 23:02:11 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307345094 luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307345139 2018-11-23 23:03:14 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307345139 Martin Luther King, , an American clergyman and civil rights leader, was shot at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968. King was rushed to St. Joseph's Hospital, and was pronounced dead at 7:05 p.m. CST. He was a prominent leader of the Civil Rights Movement and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate who was known for his use of nonviolence and civil disobedience. luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307345380 2018-11-23 23:07:43 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307345380 luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307345471 2018-11-23 23:09:19 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307345471 The Fair Housing Act became law on April 11, 1968, just days after King’s assassination. It prevented housing discrimination based on race, sex, national origin and religion. It was also the last legislation enacted during the civil rights era. The civil rights movement was an empowering yet precarious time for blacks in America. The efforts of civil rights activists and countless protestors of all races brought about legislation to end segregation, black voter suppression and discriminatory employment and housing practices. luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307345629 2018-11-23 23:12:00 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307345629 luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307345682 2018-11-23 23:13:12 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307345682 Black suffrage is black people's right to vote. Black people won the right to vote in 1870, when the amendments (15th, 19th, and 26th) were added to the Constitution. They require that voting rights cannot be abridged on account of race, color, previous condition of servitude or sex. luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307346254 2018-11-23 23:25:20 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307346254 This war resolved two fundamental questions: whether the United States was to be a dissolvable confederation of sovereign states or an indivisible nation with a sovereign national government; and whether this nation, born of a declaration that all men were created with an equal right to liberty, would continue to exist as the largest slaveholding country in the world.Northern victory in the war preserved the United States as one nation and ended the institution of slavery that had divided the country from its beginning. luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307346289 2018-11-23 23:26:06 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307346289 luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307346418 2018-11-23 23:27:34 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307346418 luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307346497 2018-11-23 23:29:03 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307346497 The presidency of Barack Obama started on January 20,2009; he was inaugurated as the 44th president of the USA. His presidency finished on January 20,2017. Obama took office following a victory over republican John McCain in the 2008 presidential election. Four years later, in the 2012 election, he defeated republican Mitt Romney to win re-election. He was the first African American president, the first multiracial president and the first non-white president. luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307368979 2018-11-24 08:01:48 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307368979 luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307369075 2018-11-24 08:03:10 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307369075 NFL players and owners across the US knelt during the national anthem to highlight racial injustice and police brutality in America, on Sunday, September 24. The Take a Knee movement was started by quarterback Colin Kaepernick. He said: “I am not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and people of colour.""To me, this is bigger than football and it would be selfish on my part to look the other way. There are bodies in the street and people getting paid leave and getting away with murder.” luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307369886 2018-11-24 08:16:43 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307369886 luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307370018 2018-11-24 08:19:08 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307370018 Police brutality is one of several forms of police misconduct which involves undue violence by police members. In the USA this happens often between a black person and a white police officer. Some example of black people that were killed by white police officers are: Freddie Gray, Stephon Clark, Terence Crutcher, Philando Castile, Alton Sterling, Walter Scott, Eric Harris, Tony Robinson, Rumain Brisbon, Tamir Rice, Laquan McDonald, Michael Brown Jr. or Eric Garner. luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307370503 2018-11-24 08:27:58 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307370503 luciavaragarcia https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307370933 2018-11-24 08:33:46 UTC https://padlet.com/luciavaragarcia/o6nsp9c7x1y7/wish/307370933