2)Manganese dioxide acts as a catalyst for this reaction to speed up the breakdown of the Hydrogen Peroxide. 
(a catalyst speeds up a reaction without it being used up)

Reaction:2H2O2 -> 2H2O + O2
Chemicals:•Hydrogen Peroxide•Manganese Dioxide

Procedure:1.Set up apparatus as shown.

2.Note the reading on the inverted graduated cylinder.

3.Add MnO2 to the H2O2 and start the stopclock.

4.Note and record the reading on the inverted graduated cylinder every minute.

5.Plot results on graph with time in minutes on the x axis and volume in cm3 on the Y axis.
Apparatus:                             
Buchner Flask                              

•Spatula

•Rubber tubing

•Rubber stopper

•Water Basin

•Retort Stand

•Graduated Cylinder
Results:1=10, 2=20,3=28,4=35,5=41,6=46,7=53,8=58,9=65,10=72,11=78,12=85,13=92,14=101,15=101

¨This is called a neutralisation reaction.

¨ The average titration figure is then used to standardise (determine the precise concentration of) the Hydrochloric Acid solution.
Equation for reaction:¨HCl + NaOHa->NaCl + H2O
Apparatus:¨Retort stand

¨White tile

¨Burette

¨Pipette

¨Pipette filler

¨Funnel

¨Wash Bottle

¨Conical flask

¨3 Beakers

¨Dropper
Chemicals:
¨NaOH (Concentration: 0.1 M)

¨HCl solution A (Concentration: Unknown)

¨HCl solution B (Concentration: Unknown)

¨Phenolphthalein Indicator

¨Deionised Water
Procedure:1.Set up apparatus as shown.

2.Add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the NaOH in the conical flask. (Note colour)

3.Allow the HCl to flow from the burette into the NaOH in the conical flask.

4.Add the HCl drop by drop until the solution in the conical flask changes colour. (Note colour)

The greatest contamination occurred around the reactor in areas that are now part of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine.