NF2F CHEMISTRY DK024 19/20 by Madam Awie

Reaction of Alkanes

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1. Combustion
i)Complete combustion/excess O₂:
produce CO₂+ H₂O

ii)Incomplete combustion/ limited O₂:
produce CO + H₂O
OR C(s) + H₂O
***equation must be written in balanced chemical equation)

2. Halogenation (Bromination or chlorination)
i) Bromination

Free Radical Substitution Reaction mechanism

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REMEMBER :
IPT-123
Initiation : 1 step
Propagation : 2 step
Termination : 3 step

Reaction of Alkenes

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PREPARATION OF ALKENES :
1.Dehydration of alcohols
2. Dehydrohalogenation of haloalkanes.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS :
1. Hydrogenation
2. Chlorination
3. Hydrohalogenation
4. Hydration
CHEMICAL TEST :
1. Bromine Test (in the dark)
2. Baeyer's Test

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Reaction of Aromatic Compounds
1. Halogenation - H substituted with X(halogen)
2. Nitration.(H substituted with nitro(NO2) group)
3. Friedel Crafts Alkylation- H substituted with alkyl group)
4. Friedel Crafts Acylation(not in sylibus)

REACTION OF ALCOHOLS

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REACTION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS (ALDEHYDES AND KETONES)

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REACTION OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

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NF2F ORGANIC CHEMISTRY DK024, 2019/2020 SESSION

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REV : IUPAC NAMES

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Answer these exercises within 15 minutes.

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ANSWER IN 15 MINUTES.

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Answer these excersises within 15 minutes

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TIPS DRAFT EXPLANATION ALKANE WITH DIFFERENT Mr

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Example of draft explanation : Mr↑-----surface area↑------VdW↑----B.P↑

Example of Explanation:

Pentane has higher Mr than ethane, therefore pentane has larger surface area which able to have stronger Van der Waals forces than ethane. Thus, B.P of penthane is higher than ethane.

Example of draft explanation : Mr↓-----surface area↓------VdW↓----B.P↓

Example of Explanation:

Ethane has lower Mr than pentane, therefore ethane has smaller surface area which only have weaker Van der Waals forces than pentane. Thus, B.P of ethane is lower than pentane.

TIPS DRAFT EXPLANATION ALKANE WITH DIFFERENT CARBON CHAIN

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Example of draft explanation : Straight C chain-----surface area↑------VdW↑----B.P↑

Example of Explanation:

Pentane has straight Carbon chain, therefore pentane has larger surface area which able to have stronger Van der Waals forces. Thus, B.P of penthane is higher.

Example of draft explanation : Branch C chain-----surface area↓------VdW↓----B.P↓

Example of Explanation:

2-methylpropane has branch carbon chain, therefore 2-methylpropane has smaller surface area which only has weaker Van der Waals forces. Thus, B.P of 2-methylpropane is lower.

Example of draft explanation : MORE branch C chain-----surface area↓------VdW↓----B.P↓

Example of Explanation:

2,2-dimethylpropane has more branch chain, therefore 2,2-dimethylpropane has smallest surface area which only has weakest Van der Waals forces. Thus, B.P of 2,2-dimethylpropane is lowest.

TIPS DRAFT EXPLANATION OF B.P BY DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.

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ALKANE(R)
Example of Drafts:
ALKANE---nonpolar molc---no H bond---weak VdW---B.P↓
Example of Explanation :
propane is a non-polar molecule which cannot form Hydrogen bond. Propane only form weak Van der Waals forces.Therefore boiling point of propane is the lowest.
Drafts:
ALCOHOL ---OH group---strong H bond---B.P↑
Explanation:
Propanol has hydroxyl group(-OH) which able to form strong Hydrogen bond.Therefore, boiling point of propanol is higher than propane.
Drafts:
CARBOXYLIC ACID---COOH group----strongest H bond---dimer--B.P↑↑
Explanation :
Propanoic acid has carboxyl group which able to form hydrogen bond. Hydrogen bond of propanoic acid is the strongest because the hydrogen bond form in dimer. Therefore, boiling point propanoic acid is the highest.

TIPS DRAFT EXPLANATION OF SOLUBILITY OF COMPOUND IN WATER

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Increasing Solubility :
ALKANE(R)
Example of Drafts:
ALKANE---nonpolar molc---no H bond---insoluble
Example of Explanation :
propane is a non-polar molecule which cannot form Hydrogen bond with water molecule. Therefore, propane is insoluble in water.
Drafts:
ALCOHOL ---OH group---has H bond---solubility↑
Explanation:
Propanol has hydroxyl group(-OH) which able to form Hydrogen bond with water molecules.Therefore, propanol is more soluble than propane.
Drafts:
CARBOXYLIC ACID---COOH group----More H bond-----Solubility↑↑
Explanation :
Propanoic acid has carboxyl group which able to form more hydrogen bond with water molecules. Therefore, propanoic acid is most soluble than other compound.

GENERAL REACTION OF ALKENES

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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

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HOMOLOGOUS SERIES---> STRUCTURE OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS---> NAME OF THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ----> GENERAL FORMULA---> GENERAL IUPAN NAME---> EXAMPLE OF STRUCTURE..

FUNCTIONAL GROUP EXERCISES

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NUCLEOPHILES VS ELECTROPHILES

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SITE OF ORGANIC REACTION

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NAMING ALKANES

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NAMING ALKENES

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NAMING ALDEHYDE

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NAMING KETONE

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NAMING CARBOXYLIC ACID

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PRACTICES MADE PERFECT!

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STORY OF FRaSMA

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