• Highly sensitive to skin to skin contact which is helps with emotional bounding and Recognise , respond to familiar voices.

• When placed on their stomach,infants push up to their elbows.

• By 4 months,babies can hold their head steady without support .

(Jude,2025)

• The baby hears and reacts to sounds

• The babies start cry if they’re hungry or sleepy

• Smiles and laughs with people

• Makes eye contact

• Babies try to calm down by sucking there fingers

Refrence

(Sroufe, L. A. 1996)

Reference

(anonymous،2025)

Reference

(Healthdirect Australia, n.d.)

• Big Feelings: They feel strong emotions like happiness, and anger.

• Showing Care: They start to show care for others, like comforting a sad friend.

• Wanting Independence: They want to do things on their own and make choices.

  
  

(Anonymous, 2024d)

- Recognizes familiar faces and voices
- Follows moving objects with their eyes.
- Responds to sounds by turning their head or becoming more alert.
- Begins reaching for and grasping objects, showing early problem-solving skills

Nabta. (2024).

Dev (2024)

Reference :

Anonymous.Jan 30, 2018 · Social and emotional development learning goals for children is to make friends with peers and adults in pre-school.https://allaboutchild.org/social-emotional-development-4-5-years/Jan

Lorina (2015)

• sort and classify objects by color, size, and shape.

• focus on activities they like for a few minutes.

• Enjoys matching games and can compare object sizes (biggest, smallest).

• order events in a story and understands number order.

  
  

Morin (2024)

and they will :

• Understand conservation

• Understand Cause and Effect

• Better Problem Solving

• Improved Language Skills

• Better Attention

Staff (2019)

• Recognize and match colors and shapes

• Focus longer on activities like picture books.

• Recognize familiar sounds

• Name and point to body parts.

  
  

  Johnson, (2024).

• Child follows parent with eyes.

• Smiles at people face.

• Enjoys playing games like “peek-a-boo”

• Points to show things to others.

• Chasing children.

Reference:

Help me Grow. (2020).

Minnesota Department of Education.

• As we used to see in real life babies start making sounds like "oo" and "aa" this is called “ cooing “

• They also listen to voices and start to notice different sounds

  
  

  Crying as Communication:

• Crying is the main way babies communicate at this age

• Different cries may mean different things, like hunger, tiredness, or discomfort.

(Harris, M. 2018)

Staff (2019)

• They have a strong desire to do things

• They able to share, take turns, and play in groups

• They are very proud of their achievements and are not shy about talking about them

Reference :

Pitt School of Education. (n.d.)

• Johnson, J. (2024, June 17). Cognitive Domain | PlayVolution HQ. Playvolution HQ. https://playvolutionhq.com/cognitive-domain/

• Nabta. (2024, August 27). Milestones: 2-4 months: Cognitive development - Nabta Health. Nabta Health. https://nabtahealth.com/article/milestones-2-4-months-cognitive-development/?srsltid=AfmBOoo-MUSai--InBu57Qq9gJqX7gQxEEUv5KxCJ05EISxsO2AdXLzs

• Morin, A. (2024, April 2). Developmental milestones for 4-year-olds. Understood. https://www.understood.org/en/articles/developmental-milestones-for-typical-4-year-olds

• Lorina. (2015, January 5). Cognitive development for toddlers 2-3 year olds - Aussie Childcare Network. https://aussiechildcarenetwork.com.au/articles/child-development/cognitive-development-for-toddlers-2-3-year-olds

• Staff, S. P. (2019b, December 13). Cognitive development in 8-10 year olds. https://www.scholastic.com/parents/family-life/creativity-and-critical-thinking/development-milestones/cognitive-development-8-10-year-olds.html

• Dev. (2024, November 29). Brain development in babies at 6-12 months. The Wonder Weeks. https://thewonderweeks.com/blog/infant/brain-development-babies-6-12-months/

• ECETP. (2017, August 17). Preschoolers - cognitive [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKJzl8P3pR4

• Anonymous 4–5 years old: Cognitive and linguistic development. (n.d.). https://naitreetgrandir.com/en/step/3-5-years/development/4-5-years/child-cognitive-and-linguistic-development-4-5-years

• Babies’ cognitive development from 6-9 months | HealthLink BC. (2018, January 24). https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/living-well/parenting/parenting-babies-0-12-months/baby-growth-and-development/babies-cognitive

Firstly they Starting to babble and make sounds like “ba-ba,” “da-da,” and “ma-ma”

Secondly they start to recognize the voices of their parents.

Lastly the can tell the difference between happy, angry, or sad tones in people’s voices.

(Kuhl, P. K. 2004)

- The child begins to walk without support .

- Used spoons to eat by himself .

-Gets up and down from bed .

- Uses pens and books to scribble .

- Pick up small objects like toy .

(Anonymous,2025).

5 Years=> Stand up without the use of hands. As well running on tiptoes.

6 Years=>Swim well also jumping, running, and dancing.

7 & 8 Years=>Learn sports that require good physical control.

(Lee,2023)

• 7 to 9 months: bouncing when held, trying to crawl, beginning to creep.

  
  

• 10 to 11 months: moving around the room, standing for few seconds, and throwing items.

(Scharf, 2016)

Reference :

Milestone checklists. (2022, June 28).

Healthdirect Australia. (n.d.). Development milestones - your child 12 to 18 months. Pregnancy Birth and Baby. https://www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au/development-milestones-12-to-18-months#:~:text=ear%20or%20nose.-,Emotional%20milestones,start%20to%20throw%20temper%20tantrums.

Anonymous ,Social & Emotional Development (noticing & playing with others) - Kamloops Childrens Therapy. (n.d.-d). Kamloops Childrens Therapy. https://www.ctfrc.com/social-emotional-infant-milestones.htm.htm#:~:text=Between%20the%20ages%20of%206%2D9%20months%2C%20your%20baby%20will%3A&text=Play%20games%20like%20Peek%2Da,an%20angry%20tone%20of%20voice)

Reference :

Raka 2025 CHILDREN’S NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES, LLC

2- Social rules are easy to understand (They can follow rules while playing)

3- Communication and conflict resolution (They can express their emotions and able to solve problems)

4- Sense of belonging and group activity (They are more aware of social rules and show interest in role models)

5- Independence & responsibility (They can be assigned to do any task and more able to make their own decision

6- Empathy & emotional Awareness (They understand others feeling and able to control emotions)

How to support children in social domain

- Motivate group activities

- Teach how to handle any issue

- Encourage cooperation and sharing

- Support them in making decisions when needed

References:

1. Berk (2020)

2. Santrock (2021)

-Running

- Jumping

- Climbing

. Most toddlers can do the following by the age of two to four years:

-Toss or kick a ball.

-Ascend stairs

.-Draw simple lines

(Jude,2025)

- 2-4 month developmental milestones. (2025). St. Jude Together. https://together.stjude.org/en-us/emotional-support-daily-life/early-childhood-development/2-to-4-months.html

Scharf, R. J., Scharf, G. J., Annemarie Stroustrup, MD, MPH, Division of Developmental Pediatrics, Center for Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, Institute for Advanced Studies in Culture, Charlottesville, VA, & Division of Newborn Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. (2016). Developmental milestones. In Pediatrics in Review (Vol. 37, Issue 1, pp. 25–26). https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.uw.edu/dist/4/20234/files/2018/01/Develomental-Milestones.pdf

Your child’s development: 1.5 years (18 months) (for parents). (2025.). https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/development-18mos.html

2-4 month developmental milestones. (2025). St. Jude Together. https://together.stjude.org/en-us/emotional-support-daily-life/early-childhood-development/2-to-4-months.html

Lee, G. (2023, May 4). Physical development milestones/gross motor skills (ages 5 to 8). BabyCenter. https://www.babycenter.com/child/development/physical-development-milestones-gross-motor-skills-ages-5-to_3659044

Key milestones for 2-3 year Olds | Milestone checklists. (2022, June 28). Pathways.org. https://pathways.org/growth-development/2-3-years/milestones/#:~:text=Simple%20understanding%20of%20concepts%20including,Understands%20most%20simple%20sentences

Pitt School of Education. (n.d.). Developmental Milestones: 3-5 Years. https://www.ocd.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/Parent_Guides/Foster-Parents/3-5%20Developmental%20Milestones%20Foster%20Parent%20Guide.%20pdf.pdf

Berk, L. E. (2020). Development through the lifespan (7th ed.). Pearson.

2. Santrock, J. W. (2021). Children (14th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

ECETP (2017)

Reference: Healthwise,Sraff (October 24, 2023)

Also they start ask questions, like “What’s that?” “Why?” “How?”

-After that they may start drawing letters and attempting to write their names and recognize a few sight words.

(Berman, R. A. 2011)

_{For example, your toddler may use many nouns such as "baby," "friend," and "car."}

_{Around the age of 2, your toddler will start to combine 2 or 3 words and will be able to form longer sentences. This developmental stage marks a significant increase in their language skills.}

_{Reference :}

_{( Kliegman RM , 2020 )}

Berko Gleason, J., & Ratner, N. B. (Eds.). (2021). The development of language (10th ed.). Pearson.

Kuhl, P. K. (2004). Early language acquisition: Cracking the speech code. Nature Reviews

TED. (2018, June 15). The linguistic genius of babies [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=example

Smith, J. (2020). The study of language. Oxford University Press.

Harris, M. (2018). Language development in toddlers. In T. G. Wilson (Ed.), Child development research (pp. 25-40). Routledge.

Johnson, L. (2022, March 15). Early language development. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/early-language

Berman, R. A. (2011). "Language Development and Literacy."

Gleason, J. B. (2013). The Development of Language (8th ed.). Pearson Education.

Petersen, D. B. (2015). "The development of sentence structure in early childhood."