Marble, 1411-13

Oil on panel

1485

Oil on panel, 1521

Oil on panel, 1529

Ceiling fresco, 1633-39

Oil on canvas, 1739

Oil on canvas, 1782

Oil on canvas, 1851-1852

Oil on canvas, 1882

• cafe-concert

  • cafe/bar with entertainment

• canvas is a way of reflating the world in a true sense

• where is the viewer? Are we the top hat man in the mirror?

• new Paris, new painting

• woman at a bar is considered somewhat sexually available

• what is our relationship to this woman?

• paint on canvas

  • this is flat

  • ignores the illusion of reality

Oil on canvas, 1872

Oil on canvas, 1919

Woodcut, 1911

Oil on canvas, 1912

• painted in response to modernism

Oil on canvas, 1923

Oil on canvas, 1937

Oil on fiberboard, 1948

Acrylic with metal enamel pain on canvas, 1962

So prayed acrylic lacquer on acrylic, 1970

Limestone, 2013

Cloth, 2004-05

in bronze

Originally for Florence Baptistry

Filippo Brunelleschi 1401-03

in bronze

Located in Florence

Lorenzo Ghiberti

Masaccio, fresco

fresco

tempera on wooden panels

tempera

Tempera on panel

Contraposto is not from International Gothic period

White poplar wood sculpture

Tempera on panel

Tempera on wood

Tempera on wood

fresco

oil on panel

Painted in venice

Oil on panel

fresco

tempera, gesso, mastic, pitch

oil on poplar panel

marble architecture

marble

Sculpted in Florence

fresco

oil

oil on canvas

oil on canvas

Chartres cathedral famous for stained glass in this period

Gothic(late Medieval)

• figures are often elongated as well

• hierarchy of scale is common

• front facing/static poses

Late Gothic & Renaissance

• more patronage form wealthy individuals and families to get special art

• more emotion

• figures from many points of view

  • profile, 3/4s

• chiaroscuro and modeling

• revival of classical interest in anatomy and proportion

• Illusion of space(atmospheric perspective)

Early renaissance

• portable art that is easily bought and sold

• naturalism

  • faithful representation of the observable world

• atmospheric perspective

High Renaissance

• Raphael, Michelangelo, Leonardo

• deeper understanding of and appreciation for the human body

• heightened influence of classical antiquity

• graceful and complex movement

• figures interrelate in complex ways

Mannerism

• emphasis on artist's virtuosity

• an interest in complicating the body

• complex, unnatural compositions

• art changed because the culture changed

• Early renaissance starts in Florence, Italy

  • Florence was a republic at the time, but only very few voted

• The renaissance began in Florence because...

  • a lot of wealth accumulated among the middle and upper classes(merchants and bankers specifically)

  • more money=more want to use said money

• Florence prided itself in individual freedom

• Chinese painters elevated landscape to be a subject in and of itself

• Neo-Confucianism is the search for absolute truth in nature

1524–34

tempera on wood

altarpiece of the Capponi Chapel of the church of Santa Felicita in Florence.

oil on wood

painted for the funerary chapel of Francesco Tagliaferri

unfinished since Parmigianino died before completing it

oil on canvas

located in the Basilica di San Giorgio Maggiore in Venice, Italy

oil painting on wall for a refectory of the Basilica di Santi Giovanni e Paolo

now resides in the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice

Bartolommeo Ammanati Completed in 1558-59

• Genre Scenes

  • Everyday life that appeals to the masses

  • Painted in hopes someone would buy it, not necessarily painted for commission

• Iconoclasts were destroying religious pieces at this time which forced artists to hide Christian symbolism to avoid retribution

• technical virtuosity

• unbalanced compositions

• complexity

• elegance

• erudite subject matter
  expressiveness

• distortions of proportions
  artifice/exaggeration

Rape in titles

• Rape often means taken and can be changed to rape due to mistranslation

fresco for the alter of the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City

oil on canvas

Resides in Isabella Steward Gardner Museum of Bostom, Massachusetts

oil on wood

Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York

marble

made for Cosimo I de'Medici

Resides in Loggia dei Lanzi, Florence

oil on panel

Resides in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna

The Protestant North(modern day Holland)

• No church or monarchy buying art, so now the middle class began to commission artists

• still-lifes, landscapes, and everyday life became very popular

  • called genre painting

• 1585-17/1730 is known as Baroque era

  • originally meant as an insult since Baroque came from a Spanish word often used for deformed pears

housed in Galleria Borghese, Rome

in the Cornaro Chapel in Rome

1647-52, marble

• has relief sculptures on the side and the whole wall ti frame it with columns

Vatican City, Rome, 1656-67

• integral to counter-reformation architecture

• The curve of the courtyard is referred to as the arms of the church

• Tuscan columns, which means very simple columns

1599-1600, oil on canvas

Contarelli Chapel, San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome

• Caravaggio is known for naturalism and contrast

Caravaggio

1601, oil on canvas

Cerasi Chapel, Santa Maria del Popolo

• Tenebroso

  • shadowy in italian

  • the art of Caravaggio and his followers, with sharp contrast of light and dark

1620-21, oil on canvas

Uffizi Gallery, Florence

1602, oil on canvas

The San Diego Museum of Art

• Cotan was best at bodegon, the arrangemnt of simple foodstuffs

1656, oil on canvas

Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid

• subject is the princess of Spain

Isenheim Altarpiece

with the exception of holy days, the wings of hte alterpiece were kept closed

Matthis Grunewald 1509/10-15

Resides in Unterlinden Museum at Colmar, Alsace in France

oil on wood

resides in the National Gallery, London

cream wash/watercolor

Resides in Albertina, Vienna

woodcut

The Metropolitan Museum of Art

oil on panel

Resides in Alte Pinakothek, Munich

oil on wood

Alte Pinakothek, Munich

Painted for a town hall

oil on wood

Herzogliches Museum, Gotha, Germany

Oil on wood

resides in the Frick Collection in New York

oil on wood

Resides in the National Gallery, London

Painted on the wall of the Privy Chamber in Whitehall

Oil on wood

Oil on panel

North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh

oil on panel

Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

oil on panel

Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

oil on wood, 1610

• in Antwerp, Belgium

• Counter-reformation

  • content is very different from reformation

• there was a truce that had just been since in the Dutch provinces in the north

• Ruben painted this just after he returned from Italy

  • painted three panels, this is the central panel

• the physicality of Christ was important at this moment in time

• Council of Trent 1545-63

  • they decided the mother of Christ would be represented as a powerful figure, so when she's painted in the wings she's not crying

• Ruben is a northern painter and likes details

• mix of Italian and northern ideas and techniques

• it was in a church that was destroyed

  • above it was an image of God the Father

Oil on canvas

• Marie de'Medici married Henry the fourth of France

• Marie became regent in France until her son came of age

• not Christian references, instead it's Greek with Zeus and Hera gazing over

• Hymen and Eros hold the portrait

  • gods of love and marriage

• The marriage is also an important political marriage in France

• uses diagonals to lead the viewer's eye

Oil on canvas 1635

• Haves Charles towering over the landscape

• Charles I was known for having an issue with Authority

• apprentice in Ruben's studio

• Van Dyck had an official role in the court to paint propaganda

Oil on canvas 1623

• common in Dutch paintings to have musicians pause their playing to sing and capture that moment in time

Oil on canvas 1642

• In Rijksmusem, Amsterdam

• militia groups were largely ceremonial by the time this was painted

• symbolizes civic pride

• engrossing a narrative with the figures

• a kind of informality in the portrait draws the viewer into the story its trying to tell

• it was cut down after being taken down from the militia hall

• painting darkened over time and became known as the Night Watch, rather then a daytime image

• 
  

• paints intimate portraits of himself and paints himself as realistically as he can, flaws as all

  • he tries to find every wrinkle and spot to express the live he lived

• paints himself in costumes earlier

• layered thick paint on his face while loosely brushing the rest

• from a vulnerable moment in his career

  • went into debt and declared bankruptcy before painting this

• 
  

• Norther/Dutch Baroque

• Leyster got into the artists guild

• Was painted in Holland so art was not commissioned by the church

Oil on panel 1631

• Painted small to encourage the viewer to get close and study it

• Leyster mainly worked in the Dutch city of Haarlem

• Possibly influenced by Caravaggio which lead to flat backgrounds

• thought to depict a woman ignoring a man trying to pay her for sex

• emblem books were more common then bibles at the time since Church wasn't present to instill morals into the populace

• this piece is about the choices of the subjects and also the viewers

Oil on canvas 1664

• art historians argue what this painting means

• purchased by the merchant class

• painting of the last judgement behind her head

  • her head divides the blessed from the damned in the painting

• a reminder of the kinds of changes taking place in that century, specifically for the merchant class in place of the church

  • a balancing of worldly and religious

• maybe a cautionary tale of paying too much attention to the physical and not enough to the spiritual

Oil on canvas 1665

• became really popular in the 20th century

• we know very little about this painting

• not a portrait, but a tronie

  • representation of character

  • a certain type of person

• like the mona ilsa because the gazes are enigmatic

• there's room for interpretation

  • no clear answer

• Vermeer painted painstakingly slow

Oil on canvas 1666-69

• Painting is the power to transform

• There's really only a focus where the artist is working with the model within the painting

  • maybe obscuring like in a camera

• Vermeer's reputation dissipated in 18th century

  • once it was recognized by a scholar Vermeer's reputation increased

  • 20th century this painting became super valuable

  • was bought, but the sale was stopped by law

  • Hitler collected a lot of art, including this painting

Oil on canvas 1665-68

• depicts the holiday of the same name which is very important in the Dutch calendar

• incorporates traditions into the painting

• The Feast of St Nicholas was originally a Catholic holiday but survived into the Protestant Netherlands

• 
  

Oil on canvas 1670-75

• landscapes were new at the time

  • they were almost always subsidiary to something else

  • here it is the subject

• Vermeer painted where he lived, so Ruisdael painted where he lived

• used light and shadow to draw viewers eye into back of the landscape

• most likely sketched outside, but painted in his studio

Oil on canvas 1726

• tulips were coveted symbols of high status at the time

• Ruysch grew up in Amsterdam in a wealthy family of Dutch artists, architects, and scientists

• Ruysch helped catalogue and record her father's rare specimens

• began apprenticeship with Willem van Aelst at the age of fifteen

• produced over 250 paintings over 7 decades despite having ten kids

• often called Holland's Art Prodigy and Our Subtle Art Heroine

• tulips caused the first financial bubble

• 
  

• this was a private commission, like many other Rococo paintings.

• a style of art that comes from Baroque that loses the intensity and seriousness, but keeps the dramatics

• frivolity, luxury, and indulgence is what rococo is known for

• Made in France

1717 oil on canvas

• Cythera is an island in Greece thot to be the birthplace of Aphrodite

• historians argue about whether the boat is bringing couples to or from Cythera

• ambiguous and should not be read as a continuous narrative

• Wattaeu was influenced by opera and plays

• Reception Piece

  • piece submitted to get into big budget art club

• Fete Glanate

• Made in France

  • out door entertainment piece

• this is the last century the nobility rule France

1750, oil on canvas

• cameo on woman's wrist is of her lover

  • King Louis XIV

• its about the artifice of the French Court

• Made in France

1750 oil on canvas

• conversation piece

  • informal group portraits that gained popularity in the middle of the 18th century in England

  • Even though subjects are looking at painter, it's still a conversation piece due to relaxed poses and countryside setting

• Made in England

1743 oil on canvas

• six prints made

• prints were cheaper then full paintings

• there was a concern at the time that marriages were only for money and not for love

  • These men were called Lord Squanderfield when they had their sons marry wealthy merchants daughter

    • title but no money marries money but no title

• 
  

• print

• Hogarth made satirical prints to criticize everyone: womanizers, harlots, even clergymen

• rake was slang for womanizer or loose man

• gambling was a huge problem at the time

• told stories with his prints by using pop culture references

• Made in England

1861, oil on canvas

• Couple identified by arms intertwined

• Father of bride on right has just handed groom dowry

• Simplistic visual of a wedding

• Influenced by the Age of Enlightenment

• According to Rousseau, modern customs(arts, sciences, and laws) corrupted the inherent value and moral character of “natural” man

  • This lead to idealized view of peasant life

  • “We had feelings before we had ideas”

    • Rousseau

1784, oil on canvas

• nobody had seen anyone like it

• This came right after Rococo and started Neoclassizism

  • Established the style

• People wanted art that depicted virtuous behavior

• Subject from Roman mythology

• Enlightenment lead to this change in art movement

• Exhibited in 1785, 1789 is revolution

• No matter who wins, both sides with lose as there is intermarrying in the three families going to war with each other

• Suggesting that woman could not be true citizens of the state because they couldn’t thin k about civic responsibility

  • Men are strong, straight lines

• Orthogonal lines lead to where the father’s hand clasps the swords

• The exact opposite of Rococo

• The three brother’s willingness to die for their country resonates with the revolutionary undertones of the time

• David becomes a revolutionary and votes for the beheading of the king

1793, oil on canvas

• Painted during French Revolution

• Commemorates a hero of the revolution

• Painted contemporary event instead of older ones

• David spread the propaganda of the revolution

  • Did a series of paintings to commemorate political martyrs

• French Revolution was inspired by American Revolution

• Marat is the subject

  • He was a publisher that helped the revolution

• Revolution wanted to secularize France

• Replace the old with the new

• No angels in the top of the painting anymore cuz of change

• Revolutionaries will turn against each other

  • David is imprisoned, then is the court painter for Napoleon

1785 oil on canvas

• the story was important for each painting

  • Beautiful paintings that did not improve or impart a moral where not valued

• Moral story subjects became stories from classical antiquity as well

• A model of virtue

  • Showing how two Roman politicians learned their good ethics from their mother, Cornelia

• Got art education from her father who was a Swiss muralist

• Ancient societies aligned with Enlightenist ideals

1770, oil on canvas

• claimed as American artist since he was born in what would become Pennsylvania

  • Lots of arguing over it though

• Two wealthy Philadelphian families paid for West’s travel so he could learn from the great European artistic tradition.

• West was a founding member of the Royal Academy of Art

• West is famous for two reason

  • Teacher

    • He taught two successful generations of American artists

      • Like Charles Wilson Peale, Gilbert Stuart, John Trumbull, etc

  • History painter

    • He painted near-contemporary events, such as this painting that happened only several years prior to its creation

    • West was urged to paint the subjects of this painting in togas to preserve the timeless heroism but West refused, saying

      • “the same truth that guides the pen of the historian should govern the pencil of the artist.”

  • West deliberately painted this scene as he did, adding more men at Wolfe’s passing and more symbolism all around

  • West wanted to give his viewers a unique view of the North American scene

  • Compares Wolfe with Christ in pose and composition

  • West bent the rules of what a history painting could be, paving the way for future American painters

• daughter named Julie

• A modest portrait about intimacy instead of the mythological subjects

• Painted the year of the French Revolution

• Vigee will have her citizenship revoked and be forced to leave

  • Then, less then a decade later, she will get it back

• Accepted into the Royal Academy

• Artist rendered herself in Greek reminiscent dress

  • A contrast to the formal dress and hoop skirts high society wore

• Just a moment filled with affection

• Le Brun easily moved among royalty and was very successful

• 
  

1804, oil on canvas

• propaganda

  • commissioned by napoleon

  • Reference to the biblical story of Jesus with the lepers

  • Napoleon executed many enemy soldier

• says "Napoleon is resistant to disease"

• Made in the Louvre, Paris

• place controlled by the French

• Made in France

1836 oil on canvas

• people wanted landscapes or portraits

• Cole painted it big because he wanted to give it an importance

• the sublime

  • an untamed image of nature that was frightening but beautiful

• New America

• manifest destiny

• pastoral

  • peaceful landscape

  • in this it's the Americans settling the land

• artist drew himself in the bottom left and his stuff in the bottom right

• everyday stuff for everyone to fall in love with

• Made in America

1809/1810 oil on canvas

• the futility of the human experience

• nature is eternal, man is not

• faint moon and its winter

  • a possibility of rebirth

• Crosses symbolism resurrection

• landscape has been given very serious meaning

• Made in Germany

1808/1810 oil on canvas

• radically modern image

• because of monk we ask religious questions

• awe inspiring beauty from it's terrifying power

  • the powerlessness of man compared to nature

• nature is far greater then us

• how to represent the grandness of God in the industrialized culture

• Made in Germany

1844 oil on canvas

• beginning of mechanical transport

• thick paint from pallet knife

• unreadable thick paint

• it's raining apparently

• rain, speed, atmosphere, sound

• about the act of painting itself

• subtle nature of man vs nature

1821 oil on canvas

• 6ft wide which wasn't normal for landscapes

  • royal academy thought landscapes were the lowest of painting

• ambitious painting

• The Stour river, where Constable grew up is subject

  • he came from Suffolk

• Refuses to idealize

• Original title was "Noon"

• man is one with nature

• personal and emotional for the artist

• Nature has taken a meaning because nature is becoming a smaller part of everyone's lives

• Made in England

1781 oil on canvas

• first displayed at the Royal Academy in London

• no moralizing subject

• The horse wasn't in the original sketch, but was added to the painting

• Fuseli often painted scenes from Shakespeare and Milton

• became a defining image of gothic horror

1814 oil on canvas

• Art historians look for

  • formal properties

  • subject matter

  • historical context

• formal qualities

  • scale

  • medium

  • composition

  • size

  • illusion of depth

    • how is it created?

• Historical context and subject matter

  • Napoleon is emperor at the moment

  • uprising of French occupation in Spain

  • Napoleon's army lined up and shot innocent Spanish people

    • the subject specifically the white shirt is a martyr

• Made in Spain

1808

• references Las Maninas

  • Artist is even painted himself in background

• Spain is in crisis at moment

  • French revolution happened and the royal family is worried about keeping their power

    • spoilers, they lose their power

• very natural and realistic and a bit informal

• Made in Spain

1799, etching, dry point

• Goya forces viewer to become active participant because of figure that stares out

• Print 43 of the 80 print series Los Caprichos

  • many of these prints show disdain for for pre-Enlightenment practices that were still a thing in Spain

• Goya believed imagination should never be renounced in favor of the strictly rational

• Because of this print, Goya is seen as a transitional figure between the Enlightenment and Romanticism

• By the time these prints came around, Carlos III was dead and his younger brother, less respected, had taken the throne

  • In France, the revolution had devolved into violence and a time known as the Reign of Terror

    • Napoleon became emperor after this

oil on canvas

• originally 10, only 5 survive

• Gericault is thought to have suffered a nervous breakdown the autumn after the series completion

  • it's also thought that maybe Georget, the man who commissioned the series, had previously treated Gericault

  • the series of paintings may have been given to Georget as thanks for possibly treating his breakdown

• the most likely theory is that Gericault painted the series for Georget after he returned from England to help his studies in mental illness

• Gericault's grandfather and one uncle died insane

• it's thought that maybe the missing five paintings were of the same subjects but after treament

• 
  

1830 oil on canvas

• contemporary subject

  • large painting but not for history

• the revolution

• the woman is a personification of liberty

  • her boobs are out in a reference to Greek art where Democracy was born

• classes aside, men standing beside men as revolutions

• the bodies are the terrible cost of revolution

• order in chaos because of pyramid composition

• perceived as dangerous and returned to Delacroix

• Made in France

1827 oil on canvas

• story from Lord Byron, poet

• corruption

• the space is filled, rather then constructed

• writhing movement, but the king sits still, only watching

  • the wiggles are like fire

• color is used in a more emotional and passionate way

• Made in France

1824 oil on canvas

• attack by the Ottomans on the Greeks is the contemporary stubject

  • many went to fight the Ottoman empire on behalf of the Greeks

• history painting no longer spoke to the public

  • they wanted other subjects

• painters like Delacroix wanted larger paintings still so they started painting contemporary pieces

• loose brush strokes make a personal feel

• Made in France

1818-19 oil on canvas

• a ship called Medusa had about 400 settlers and soldiers on board to settle. It ran aground so the carpenter was forced to make rafts out of the sinking ship

  • the lifeboats were towing the raft and were filled with higher status people

  • they decided they were moving too slow when pulling the raft so they severed the tether, abandoning 150 people at sea

• an anti-heroic painting

  • the captain had left those people to starve

  • cannibalism happened

• anti-monarch message

• raft comes into our space, as if we could step onto it

• ship on the horizon is a moment of false hope.

• emphasis on movement and diagonals

• romanticism is about the failure of the ideals of the Enlightenment and the failure of the revolution

• Made in France

1806 oil on canvas

• Napoleon understood how art can do political work on his behalf

• Ingres was a fresh voice for the French neoclassical movement

• The throne Napoleon sits on is similar to the throne of God in Flemish's work the Ghent Altarpiece

• Ingres admired Raphael

• Napoleon sought to emulate Charlemagne so he was given the scepter of Charlemagne in the painting

• Made in France

• made in France

1721 Oil on canvas

• made in France

1733 oil on canvas

• made in France

1730 Oil on canvas(?)

• Made in Italy

1730 oil on canvas

• made in Italy

1819-1823 oil on canvas(?)

• made in Spain

1790 oil on canvas

• Made in England

1795

• Made in England

1840 Oil on canvas

• Made in England

1812 Oil on Canvas

• Made in England

• the reconstruction Paris by Napoleon III

• false dome on top

  • for chandelier to be retracted during performances

• A stage of the second empire

Ink and color on paper, 1830-32

• it's a print

• created at a time when Japanese trade was heavily restricted

• influenced by Dutch art

• Dutch influence

  • low horizon

  • Prussian blue

• Ukiyo-e

  • Japanese woodblock prints made during the Edo Period

• Matthew C Perry forced Japan to open trade in 1850

1849-50 oil on canvas

• expressed what Courbet thought paintings should be

• ordinary funeral in ordinary place with ordinary people

• The funeral of Courbets great uncle

  • many figures are his family members

• bringing he experience of rural life into central France

• dignity in the kneeling grave digger

• grave opens into our space

• divine only represented by a crucifix carried by a clergyman

• democracy in painting

  • an art historian

• lack of interaction of figures

  • not normal for paintings made for the Salon

• 
  

1849 oil on canvas

• Courbet was familiar with the lives stonebreakers lived

  • grew up in the countryside

• painted soon after the Communist Manifesto was completed

• Courbet wanted figures to be perceived not as heroic but sad

  • these workers were often treated poorly

  • one worker is too young and the other too old

• the landscapes traps the figures, representing their financial entrapment

1849 oil on canvas

• Rosa was sketching in the louvre by 15

• painted one year after the revolution

• here is the strength of France

• nationalistic French countryside

• eternal oxen

  • they will continue long after politics

• rural permanence

• importance of landscape with the animals themselves

1872-73 oil on canvas

• we've interrupted the reader and her sleeping puppy

• after Paris was reconstructed to really open up the walkways

• rules about perspective and construction space breaks those

  • signifies the contemporary

• almost unfinished in the little girl's arm reaching out

• originally intended for the first practice session in opera but wasn't actually shown

• Was outrageous at the time it was painted

• velocity of perspective

• the viewer wouldn't normally be allowed to see this

oil on canvas 1877

• Renovated train station

• large train stations like this were very new

• completely modern subject

• transportation itself is modern in a way

• steam of train hides what's behind it

• pure color, pure light

  • that's what interests Monet

• Impressionist Expedition instead of the Salon

  • viewed at

• heavily worked canvas

  • lots of paint build up and blending

1892-94

• rented space across cathedral and painted it in different light

• painted multiple at once to capture each different kind of light and sun placement

• painting something that's fleeting

• very light and soft rendering of such a hard and rigid subject

• painted the Gothic style because it was very intertwined with France

• each of the series is meant to be seen together

• painted at a specific time of day so he had to return day after day

• painted the suns light, not the poplar itself

• represents the momentary with heavy paint

1876 oil on canvas

• painting practically glows in light

• fairly large impressionist painting

• all about pleasure and well-being after Paris was burning

• outdoor dance hall that was often visited by the middle-class as well as the working class

• remarkable bonding as the people of the city come together

• loose brushwork

  • unacceptable before the impressionist movement

• movement and flux

• in Paris suburbs at restaurant you get to by boat

• more defined forms

• Renoir's girlfriend poses for the girl with the dog

  • many figures are people he knew

• brilliant orange across to tie it all together

  • flowers, sleeve trims, hats

• painting outside is difficult so they often paint smaller canvases

  • this is big canvas

• constant, gentle movement and change

• pyramidal composition like classicism paintings

• female artist

• women painted domestic scenes because it's what they have access to

• subject is Morisot's sister

• subject kind of locked in the domestic space by the curtains

• shows the affection of the mother but also everything that she contemplates

• subject of mother and daughter is very rare

  • normally it's mother and son like Jesus and Mary

• daughter seems to mimic mother's washing of her foot with her hand on her thigh

• Mother is speaking to daughter, maybe reassuring or telling a story

• real perspectives that we would see, not the idealized stuff from before

• social places where one could see and be seen where the important parts of the opera house

• The opera was one of the few places she had access to as a woman

• the power of a woman and her gaze

1853

• new in a way of falseness

• very new

• a fallen woman or a kept woman in the city

  • now at a moment of redemption

• Hunt was very religious

• objects in the room can have a secondary symbolic meaning

• pre-Raphaelite were very concerned with moral subjects

• Christ in a very normal environment, not divine

• not idealized Mary, Joseph, and Jesus

• this painting was attacked by Charles Dickens

• trying to remake those expectations that had been lost

• linear hardness in the contours like northern Flemish painting

• John the Baptiste on the right holding the bowl of water

• the artist wants you to look deeper into the meaning of the artwork

• first exhibited in 1877

• John Ruskin, an art critic, said it contained no social value

• Whistler saw this painting as a musical composition

• most infamous painting for Sargent

• was criticized as a scandalous and immoral image

• a piece meant to establish Sargent's ability and get him more jobs

  • it did this very well

• western art, a beloved masterpiece

• almost a mirror, showing a man engaged in similar introspection

• a calm, placid painting

• painted to commemorate an athletes victory

• Eakins's style aspired to a high degree of truth to nature

• Max Schmitt was a personal friend of Eakins

oil on canvas 1884-86

• scientific in how he paints with color

  • interested in dividing color into it's components

  • let the eye mix the colors that are next to each other

  • optical mixture

• described painting as new-impressionism

• wanted to bring a sense of timelessness and practicableness

  • less spontaneous

• more illusion of space

• clear contours and modeling to make it 3 dimensional

• lots of ambiguity

  • ambiguity of class were they began to mix

  • 
    

oil on canvas 1888

• vividly colored

  • freeing color from the natural world

  • doesn't mirror reality

• image appears flat like Japanese print

  • same with tree cutting across

• refusal of using light and shadow

• completely inventing the scene

• painting about people having a religious experience

  • the tree separates the spiritual from the physical

• it's hard to have such direct spiritual experiences after the industrialization

• 
  

oil on canvas 1889

• probably the most famous painting

• did another version of the night sky that's way different

• foreground is a cypress tree

• there's some exposed canvas in this piece in the night sky

• the divine in the sky protecting the village beneath

  • a way to read the painting

• used complementary colors to communicate feeling

• constructed from Van Gogh's imagination

  • not a real place

• Van Gogh was actually in an asylum due to suffering from mental illness and having breakdowns

  • most likely painted in the asylum

  • was encouraged to paint at the asylum to help wit his mental problems

  • only cut part of his ear, not all of it

oil on canvas 1897-98

• painted on rough sackcloth

• Gauguin's largest painting

• Where are we going?

  • represents the artists manifesto he made while living on Tahiti

• became a professional painter after his career as a stockbroker failed in the early 1880s

• Where are we going?

  • completed this portion allegedly in one month

• claimed to have attempted suicide after completing this work

• Gauguin likened this piece and its philosophical theme to that of the Gospel

  • the painting is read from right to left

• was painted to be like a fresco painted on gold ground, the gold corners help with that effect

• was very specific in how the painting was framed and who could see it

• was very aware of the Parisian market even though we was hanging around Polynesia for most of his adult life

• 
  

oil on canvas 1893

• Cezanne painted still life's because they seemed to be so resented in the artistic world

• it was a subject that offered great freedom

• wanted to represent true sight

• realized the the human eye is more complex then cameras.

  • we move as we see

  • like a video camera

• painted on painting from multiple perspectives

oil on canvas

1902-04

• finished 2 years before he died

• considered a post impressionist

• created a curtain of paint

  • the paint is very visible

• opposite of high finish

  • seeing no brushstrokes

• the beginning of the flatness of canvas

  • denying the illusion

oil on canvas 1893-95

• represented Paris after dark very well

• Moulin Rouge was a very popular nightclub

• Toulouse-Lautrec painted himself in the background as well since he visited the nightclub often

• gives the sense of not quite being able to hear the conversation in the background

bronze 1884-95

• created to commemorate the heroism of Eustache de Saint-Pierre

• depicting the moment the men gathered to leave to their deaths

• composed in a circle, making it so no one man is the focal point

• those who commissioned the piece were originally displeased with Rodin

• the clothing seems to fuse to the ground, symbolizing their will to live fighting their desire to help their city

• wanted the viewer to be a part of the sculpture so he made a second version without the pedestal

  • also why he has each figure looking in a different direction and has them all a similar height

plaster 1880-1917

• unfinished

  • found in pieces in his studio after he died

• Dante sits at the top in the pose of the thinker

• doors are like fog or ocean, and aren't functional as doors anymore

• about the human condition, suffering, sin

oil and gold leaf on canvas 1907-08

• perfect square painting

• gold almost creates a halo around the couple

• from Vienna

1882

• Technically art nouveau

• inviting building, the columns almost reach out to us

  • they look like tree trunks at the bottom but like buttresses as they go up

• movement and the organic

• geometry is a way of expressing what's important in the catholic tradition

• Gaudi wanted to create the feeling of entering Heaven when entering the temple

  • Heaven on earth

• like a stone forest on the inside

• finally consecrated in 2010

tempera on board 1910

• technically expressionism

• Munch created several versions as part of his semi-autobiographical cycle "The Frieze of Life"

  • first oil painting, then tempera, then pastel on cardboard

• background figures are hard like bridge

  • screaming figure swirly like sky

• the sky is thought to be so colorful due to the eruption of Krakatoa in Indonesia which affected sunsets all over the world

  • reportedly beautiful

  • Happened 10 years prior to painting though

• The Scream is more remembered sensation rather than perceived reality

cast iron, glazed lava, and glass 1900

• Technically art nouveau

• entrance for the Paris metro

• painted to look like oxidized copper/bronze, since copper was too expensive

• mass producible and cheap

  • something beautiful not only for the aristocracy but for everyone

• considered art nouveau

  • French art nouveau used organic form

• stylization of the quality of growth

• 
  

Oil on canvas 19011

• tradition of artists painting their studios

  • But he turned this one into something like a self-portrait. Each piece in the painting are actual pieces he's made

• Painted the red and left the other colors unpainted instead of painting the other colors over the red

  
  

1907 oil on canvas

• Translates to the “young ladies of Avignon”

  • It’s a brothel

• This is thought to be the beginning of cubism

• No chiaroscuro all flat colors

• Confrontational painting

• Stylistic coherence, but there’s a bunch of different styles here

1911 oil on canvas

• broken planes of every possible way to look at a dock and guitar player

• Fragmented version of the actual reference to show all the different parts of the reference.

1910

• analytic cubism

  • Taking something apart

  • Like a jigsaw puzzle

• The farther away you look the more it looks like a guitarist

• The view is constantly changing and shifting

1908 oil on canvas

• expressionist artist

• Scary

• Unflattering portrayal

• considered German Expressionism

  • Die Brucke

1913

• Kirchner moved to Berlin a little earlier with other expressionists

• Painted a lot of street scenes

• Vivid anti-naturalistic color

• Visible brushstrokes

  • Hallmarks of expressionist painting

• Subject isn’t the city, it’s the psychological experience of the individual in this crowded city

• Urban angst

• Reminiscent of what the streets felt like

• considered German Expressionism

  • Die Brucke

1912

• name of a kind of musical composition

• Composing form still eluding to his own historical moment

• Alluding painting with music

• considered German Expressionism

  • Der Blaue Reiter

• Can take us places without representing anything concrete

• Synesthesia

  • The crossing of sense

  • Hearing color and seeing music

• Abstracted not abstraction

  • Some elements are recognizable

1913 oil on canvas

• Identified as a scene from the apocalypse via previous painting with similar composition and clearer details

• Saint George was the emblem of Kandinsky’s art group Der Blaue Reiter

• Kandinsky believed mankind was on the verge of a cataclysmic change hence his painting of the apocalypse so often

• Kandinsky hides his imagery because recognizing the objects depicted in a painting keeps the viewer’s mind anchored in the materialistic reality

• He thought music was a more advanced form of art then painting because it was more abstract

1922

• sense of individuality in each creature

  • Mischievous

• Deconstructed cuckoo clock?

• Free birds

  • Not about structure of time

• Machine of Frivolity

• Cacophony and chaos

• Sound, energy, and motion in a static painting

• considered German Expressionism

  • Der Blaue Reiter

1913(cast 1931) bronze

• considered futurist art

• Figure wears a helmet

• Boccioni sculpted the figure and the wire around him as it moved as he moved through it

• Inspired by Auguste Rodin

• Originally made of plaster

• May futurists wanted their works destroyed by more innovative artists successors

• Appears on the Italian 20-cent euro coin

1912

• motion of a nude descending a staircase

• Duchamp got famous from the scandalous outrage

• Challenged how people saw art at the time

• Nude in motion

• The female nude was controversial at the time and had a lot of different meanings

1918 oil on canvas

• suprematism

• Made one year after the October revolution

• Utopian painting

• Society history is very discredited so the optimism is lost

• No naturalism

• Remove culturally specific references for everyone to enjoy each painting the same

• Spiritually based

• Appealing to feeling

• Representing an idea

  • How to represent 3D without renaissance

  • Tilt of inner square could be moving towards us

  • Possibly 4 dimensions because of the tilt

• Stalin calls for art that rejects this art and goes for propaganda instead

• Revolutions

• carved in pairs

• Refer to a mythic hero Ci Wara

  • Divine force thought to be half man and half antelope

• Worn in pairs during a dance to show respect to Ci Wara

  • Male = sun

  • Female = earth

1879-83

• a break in traditional linear perspective in art

• he wanted to capture a sense of timelessness and eternity in his art

(1897?)1900 oil on canvas

1891

• color lithograph

• shows famous dancers such as "No-Bones" Valentin at Moulin Rouge

1878

• the eye symbolizes the human soul and the mysterious inner world

1897

• symbolizes vulnerability and innocence

oil paint 1888

• not a brothel according to van Gogh. Instead a place where prowlers cease to be prowlers as they slump over tables

1910

1892-93

lithograph 1897

• reveria refers to French resver or rever which means to wander or to be delirious

woodblock print 1790-95

• from the Edo period

woodblock print 1857

Edouard Manet 1885

1872

1875

1879

William Morris(Morris & co.)

1867

1929 oil

• considered neo-plasticism.

  • also De Stjil movement

• modernism

• neoclassicism

• was interested in purity at the time

• construct balance and harmony in art we can do it in the world around us

(1917)1964

• didn't actually make this, found it and painted some words on it

• work was originally rejected after being submitted as a sculpture

• art is the transformation of ordinary materials to make use see things in a different way

  • this piece was meant to ask us what art is

1919-1920

photomontage

• displayed in the first national dada fair

• lots of clashes between political parties at the time

• focused on the role of woman artists

  • she wasn't treated very well

• there's a tiny little picture of her head on the corner of the map in the bottom right

• top right corner is anti-dadaist people

• Hannah is very specifically demeaning men to reverse the power dynamic at the time

1958

• birth name was Emanuel Radnitzky

• he made the sculpture quickly after a bout of inspiration

• the movement used humor and antagonism to question the definition of works of art

• was created a few years before the dada movement really came about

1928-1929

oil paint

• text means "this is not a pipe".

• surrealism paintingt

• which is stronger? The representation of the pipe of the text telling us it's not a pipe

  • both are representing a pipe but aren't pipes in and of themselves

1931

• it's an attack on the rational

  • trippy like album artwork in the 1980s

• surrealism painting

• Dali was one of the first people to do dreamscapes

• unbearable sense of quiet

• ants are eating away at a timepiece in the bottom right

• Freud's work was becoming popular and was read by a lot of artists at the time

• we perceive reality depending on the way our brains are wired

• we fundamentally don't understand time as it is hard to understand and define

1936

• it's gazelle fur

• Oppenheim was at a cafe with Dora Maar and Pablo Picasso when she had the idea for this piece

• Andre Breton helped found surrealism with his "Manifesto of Surrealism"

• historians thought the fur added sexual connotations to the hand-held objects

• a woman fainted when she saw this

• The original idea came from the idea of using fur to keep her tea warm, not anything sexual

• Oppenheim believed that "Nobody will give you freedom; you have to take it."

1930

• came to represent middle American/small town America

• the models are Wood's dentist and sister

• Specificity in the man's face, not in the background

• stock market crashed and the economy stalled around this time

• Considered part of the American Regionalist movement

1942

• Considered Social Realism

• thought of as war time alienation

• there's no doorway to let us into the restaurant, we are left out on the street

• Eerily silent everywhere except the diner

• super late at night

• was painted during the height of WWII

• Hopper often painted images of loneliness and isolation

• Not a specific street corner or cafe

• enough detail to feel like we've been there but enough ambiguity that it could be anywhere

1939

• she painted this the year she divorced Diego Rivera, an acclaimed Mexican muralist

  • Before she married Rivera she wore modern European dress, but Rivera encouraged her to look into her heritage which sparked the attire on the right, rooted in Mexican customs

• Her necklace on the right references pre-Columbian jadeite of the Aztecs.

  • her earrings are colonial in style

• painted about 200 pieces, many of which were self-portraits

• unable to bear children after a bus accident at 18 and polio deformed her right leg in her childhood

• Kahlo avoided embellishing her features, but instead tried to show herself as she was

• she's quoted saying "I paint self-portraits because I am so often alone, because I am the person I know best."

1931

1937

• painting against war

  • considered protest art

• Picasso was spanish

• challenges the concept of war being heroic

• in 1936 a civil war began in Spain between the Republican government and fascist forces lead by General Francisco Franco

• This was painted because of the first saturation bombing of a civilian population, done by Hitler's forces in support of Franco

  • it was a training mission to text the new bombing tactic

  • 1600 civilians were wounded or killed

• resides in Madrid, Spain ever since 1981 when Spain enjoyed the public liberties and democratic institutions Picasso wanted for his homeland

• Picasso used horses and bulls throughout his painting career as a reference to bullfighting

1932

• street photography movement

• the beginning of snapshot photography

• Journalists used the same camera to capture with a split second shutter speed

1950 enamel on canvas

• WW2 ended 1945

• focused on period of anxiety during the Cold War that would soon take place

• step out of our own way to create something different

  • stepping away from the representation of nature

• Pollock didn't touch the canvas with his brush or prime the canvas before painting

• used a different mix of paints

  • car paint

  • house enamel paint

  • etc

1948

• there's some technicality to it

• action painting

  • moved around as he painted

• not about creating the illusion of something else, but creating something in and of itself

  • Pollock was one of the first to make this organic, eccentric, non-representational art

• there isn't a clear right answer when it comes to these paintings

  • everything is up to interpretation

• Pollock was interested in psychoanalysis

• Rosenberg said the art is contained in the action of making the art itself

1958

• Rothko was a hermit so we don't know a lot about him

• soft corners to make it seem the colors are floating off the canvas

• Rothko layered color over color over color

• He wanted the viewer to experience the emotions he felt while painting

1949

• generous melancholy in some of his paintings

• Rothko wanted his viewers to be in tears before his paintings

1963 acrylic

• paint poured over paint while wet

• tilted canvas instead of using brush

  • called color field painting

    • painting classified by simplicity of line and a focus on color as the subject rather then a descriptor

• Frankenthaler is considered a second gen color field painter

  • she was inspired by Pollock's drip method

• colors on the canvas don't have to represent anything anymore

1955 combine

• combine means a mixture of painting and sculpture

• A real pillow case and quilted blanket

  • on top are paints and pencil marks

• manifestation of the artist's psyche

• self-consciousness and irony in the copying of another's style

• 
  

oil on canvas on plywood

• flag is potent symbol so in a way piece is a mirror

• critics asked if this was a painting or an actual flag

• handmade flag

• flags represent the country and their history

  • same goes for this painting of a flag

• art can still represent really complex things while being very simple

• Johns created this before pop art

  • he was the first to recreate the American flag in this way

1969

• tripdych

• pop artist

• thoughtfulness in how it's done

  • paying homage to art history

  • Monet did a set of cathedrals too

1962

• Asks the question why is this art?

  • by putting this in a museum it gives it different context

• cheap advertising was one of the lowest subjects one could paint

• about mass production and factories

• it's easy to change how you view things depending on context

• focus on the refocusing of ideas

• used a rubber stamp for the fleur de li at the bottom of each can

1969

• almost a relief

• minimalist sculpture

• each box/shelf was made in a factory, not by him

• Jud was very specific about how it was spaced and placed on the wall

• outside is brass

• plexi-glass windows to see through sometimes

• Judd doesn't want to make a sculpture that looks like a person or a space that isn't really there

• suggest machine production in the repetition

1970

• Smithson made this on the edge of the Great Salt Lake

• hired people to help him create this

• water collects there and then evaporates in the Great Salt Lake

  • there's a kind of algae that makes the water pink/red

• was made to change with the surrounding area

  • about entropy

    • the way things break down

• overwhelming size of nature vs the smallness of man

• was made to catch water, but now is surrounded by sand due to drought

• piece is outside the system of buying and selling art

• museums protect works of art from time, but this was made to change over time

1979-2005

• created over two weeks in 1979

• complicates the picturesque landscape developed in mid-19th century for cities

• The gates draw attention to themselves, not the park they're in

• inspired by the ways pedestrians walk the different paths of the park

• made for the pedestrian in motion

  • no concrete starting or ending point

• Christo and Jeanne don't take sponsors so they fund everything themselves

• the temporary aspect of their pieces is a deliberate choice

1956-1958

• one of the most important buildings designed

• Rohe had been designing buildings for a while but this was his first office building

• Seagram was a Canadian liquor company

• The daughter of the head of Seagram saw the diagram he made and told him it sucked and took him to the modern art museum

  • that's how Rohe got the job

• bronze and other materials so it's kind of like a sculpture

  • bronze rubbed with oil to stop it oxidizing

• vaguely fluted columns at the bottom

• girders around windows serve no purpose besides to play with light and shadow for aesthetics

  • the I-beams specifically

• instead of stripping away the decorative Rohe incorporated it

• building doesn't take up all of it's lot

  • it's set back into the lot to not overwhelm the plazzo across the street

1872 assemblage

• Considered Activist Art

• Saar drew on Cornell's style of boxed assemblages

  • was made in the year Cornell died so it could be a tribute to him

• Uses the Mammy image

  • a happy, overweight female slave that worked in her master's house without complaint

• Aunt Jemima was based off the Mammy caricature

• The Black Panther movement was founded in 1966 as an alternative for black woman so they didn't have to choose between feminists and civil rights movements

  • A lot of creative people were drawn to this new, more violent, movement

• the black power movement, starting along side the Black Panther movement, used a single, raise black fist as their logo

Constantin Brancusi

1928(unique cast)

bronze, limestone, wood

• worked most of his career in Paris

• ascending form the material to the immaterial

  • wood, to limestone, to bronze

• gentle organic arching

• representation of what birds do

• customs took the sculpture and wouldn't let it through in 1936 because they didn't believe it was a work of art

• the radicality of abstraction

1905

• controversial piece that got the movement its' name of fauvism

  • fauve mean wild beast and is from an art critic who described the piece

• The Stein family purchased the piece

  • Leo Stein was quoted as saying it was "the nastiest smear of paint" he'd ever seen

1915

• considered German Expressionism

  • Der Blaue Reiter

1912

1913 oil on canvas

• painted a year before the first world war began

• was an orchestration to Kandinsky

• natural pairing of color and shape along with sound

• inspired by Schoenberg's music

  • this painting looks like what Schoenberg's music sounds like

  • Schoenberg wrote atonal music

• Music is inherently abstract in a way

• abstracted so much so that we must take in the form and color as itself and nothing else

• to make something new you have to destroy what's already there

• large size so it's immersive

1913

• painted in response to modernism

1914

1915(dated 1914)

1916-17

1920

1924

• words translate to "never again war"

1933

1933

1938

1926

1936

1940

from "The Migration of the Negro" series

1940-41

1935

1936

• Considered Social Realism

• Lange was a photographer

• drove by an outdoor camp and stopped to take pictures

• Migrant laborers were very unpopular at the time in California

  • Police were hired to move these people out of the way

• Lange photographed a migrant worker waiting dangerously on the side of the road for her husband and son to return with something to patch the radiator of their car

• part of a series of photographs that progressively get closer until this photo is taken

1927

• Considered Precisionism

1953

1952

• Considered Post-Painterly Abstraction

1957-60

• Considered Postwar Sculpture

1955-58

1958

1961

2017

• The Souls of Millions of Light Years Away

  • The Broad, Los Angeles

Joseph Beuys Nov. 26 1965

• walked around different museums mumbling to a dead rabbit he carried around.

  • he also had honey and gold leaf on his face

1963

1963

1965

Sonoma and Marin Counites, California 1972-76

• 18ft high

• talked about as a ribbon of light

• it seems endless when you're by it

• the work of art is the togetherness of the Fence, the hills, and the area around it

• Each panel is a slice of our lives

Judy Chicago

Nam June Paik

• removing the naturalistic description function from color

Analytic Cubism

• deconstructing space; showing more than one viewpoint at the same time;
  influence of Cezanne

Synthetic Cubism

• building up images; use of collage; “real” vs. illusion

German Expressionism: Die Brucke

• dissatisfaction with industrial modern life; looking to
  German past with woodblock prints

German Expressionism: Der Blaue Reiter

• looking for spirituality and “universal truths;” Abstract art vs. non-objective art, non-narrative art, non-representational art

Italian Futurism

• sought to reject the past and bring Italy into the future; interest in new
  technology, speed, and movement

Russian Suprematism

• “supremacy of feeling;” pro-Russian revolution; wanted to create a new
  vocabulary and language of art removed from the elitist past

Dada

• Reaction against World War I; focus on absurdity, element of chance
  (Enlightenment values of logic and reason only lead to war); challenged status quo in art,
  culture, etc.

Surrealism

• 1930’s; element of chance (like Dada); randomness related to dream states;
  juxtaposition of unrelated objects; exploration of the subconscious mind; dream images;
  stream of consciousness

De Stijl(The style)

• Dutch movement; sought to create utopian environment through
  geometric abstraction; sought universal order that would make nationalism obsolete;
  also called International Style and Neo-Plasticism

Regionalism

• Representational; local (Midwest) imagery

Abstract Expressionism

• two branches

  • Action Painting

  • Color Field Painting

• Influenced by Surrealism, art about emotion, myth, universal forces, brought attention to the paint on canvas rather then hiding canvas, brought NYC to the center of art world

Poster-Painterly Abstraction

• Stain painting

Post Abstraction

• Combines

Installation art

• Art as experience, not collectable

Performance art

• Art as life, improvisation; unpredictable

Pop art

• reaction to elitism of Abstract Expressionism; unemotional, Similar to Dada in love of ready-made, common objects, Sought a mass-produced look-accessible, interested in mass media and pop culture

Minimalism

• unemotional, reduced to most basic parts, "what you see is what you see"- denial of meaning

Earthworks

• earth is the canvas, interactive, out of gallery=less elitist, not collectable

Activist Art

• art as political statement

1637-38

• female figure based on classical Greek/Roman sculpture

• tomb takes up most of canvas

• Tomb has title inscribed on it which means

  • I too once lined in Arcadia

    • referring to the person in the tomb

  • or

  • I too am in Arcadia

    • referring to death

• Arcadia is thought to be a mythical idea place

• tomb is more ancient then ancient people due to cracks and warn state of the stone

1980-82

Portland, Oregon