2.Personnal computers change the writing now. People can share their ideas through the internet and all the other tools.

3.In the past, people were trying to give more consent on the oral instead of writing, but the fact states that they are wrong.

-Natural talent exists such as any skill but like any skill, writing can be acquired

-Writing is a skill that can be developed through habits and processes that can be taught and learned by anyone with enough persistence to do so

2.While the idea of individual authorial genius is problematic in theory but it is also problematic in practice because our daily authorship practices are socially situated, collaborative, and interactive

3.The teacher's work is an opportunity to write, give feedback, reflect, remix, and revise that work as a rhetorically conscious, socially situated

- People write everyday on social media, but that kind of writing doesn’t exactly prepare someone for more polished settings. 

- Good writers are the ones who know how to persist, and keep trying, you can learn to be good. 

- Students should take responsibility for their own learning because it’s not up to the professors how well they do

-It is essential that we learn how to adapt to new ways of thinking, even if they differ from former habits. 

- Students have to take responsibility for their education

- We have to be willing to take risks when it comes to our choices in writing in college

- Students are constantly going to be learning and unlearning things in college

Successful students stay on top of their work and don't make many excuses. 

Successful college writers realize that they do not write to impress their professor, they write to gain new knowledge and understanding. 

- high school has made writing as if its a job and something unlikable

-college professors are there to help you with the material but they are not there to hold your hand and you education is in your own hand unlike in college where the teacher is constantly checking up on you if your grade is lowering

Practical matters are of importance here, too, so I will address some points that as a college student you should know. 

Successful students understand that their education is something they are privileged to own, and as with a dear possession, they must be responsible for managing it

Writing will lead you toward thought. Your college writing teachers will expect more of your thinking, thinking you have come to through the process or writing and rewriting.

But most of the time, even watching this quickly on classroom monitors, my students notice Weninger aims for the jugular in his writing. He’s after wholesale overhaul of his argument and of his larger work. 

Revision is not a sign of weakness or inexperienced or poor writing. It is the writing. The more writers push through chaos to get to the good stuff, the more they revise.

King was not content to let his words sit, but like any practiced writer working out his muscles, he revised and riffed, adapting it for new audiences and purposes.  

- Many usual assignments just ask the students to repeat what they know.

- Grammatical correctness isn’t as important as the content itself.

- WAC programs are beginning to be implemented in many universities. 

Many assignments given to students only are informed-based

-Emphasis on grammatical format for writing assignments impedes students’ ability to develop natural ideas

-WAC programs help college professors craft better assignments and help students become better writers

Professors are starting to experiment with new forms of research papers. 

1343 out of 2101 papers were assigned to be written from student to examiner. 

- high school has made writing as if its a job and something unlikable

-college professors are there to help you with the material but they are not there to hold your hand and you education is in your own hand unlike in college where the teacher is constantly checking up on you if your grade is lowering

Most of the assignments were limited in purpose. Twothirds asked students to inform the reader – overwhelmingly the “professor-as examiner” – about details from a lecture or reading.

Professors are also “obsessed” with grammatical correctness, even when they claim to value critical thinking, the study says.

The purpose of the project is to help you do just that. The format of the project is open to your creative ideas as long as the project looks at culture from two or more disciplinary perspectives.” 

- It’s best if students learn to write a variety of different assignments (learn to adapt).

-Professors focus more on grammar than the critical thinking of an assignment.

It doesn’t matter what your first draft is, just write something just so you could have something down.

Not even accomplished authors are confident and are stuck.

”child draft” = spit everything out method

- Every writer has to start with something that is less than what they want, which is why revising second and third drafts exists

- Putting a bunch of words onto a page with no filter allows you to explore your own thoughts without having to worry whether it will sound good or fit with the intented topic of the text.

2.Authors often receive some interference when writing their first drafts, some outside noise and ideas in their minds that have nothing to do with writing

3.Don't show your first draft to other（I don’t know why？）

The prewriting process is invisible. Many do not know or realize that it is happening but it is constantly going on around us. 

2.Writing has many forces to move forward, including factors such as content to be added and deadlines

3.Writing requires advance preparation, such as planning like a blueprint. Whether it's in your head or written down

- If students are not continuously practicing reading, their comprehension and analysis skills of the world around them suffer as well. 

- According to recent studies, students aren’t efficient at summarizing texts, showing a lack of comprehension, also a large number of college students failed to meet reading expectations.

-Reading is also a creative process because the reader is putting their own perspective and background with the text

-Reading and writing are useful skills that are constantly used in the workforce for every field

The author slowly goes over the development of how a student will write. 

The author then compares and contrasts reading and writing

More importantly, if students are not given the opportunity to continue working on their reading throughout their college careers, they may struggle analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating all that surrounds them since comprehension is a crucial step toward these more advanced interpretive practices. S

These deficiencies are major problems particularly in this digital age for, as literacy scholar Donald Leu and his colleagues have pointed out, foundational literacies such as reading and writing print text will continue to play a crucial role—and maybe even a more essential role—in this digital age because of the proliferation of information. 

Authors are inspired from many sources and aren’t isolated.

Writers also struggle with the idea of being original.

Many people need to feel original and when they get ideas from other people’s work they feel unoriginal.

Many get discouraged when viewing the works of the “geniuses” because they know their work will never be like that. 

2.In other words, our goal is not to be reclusive geniuses, but to become social writers. We do not seek inspiration from within, but rather influence from without

3.Writing has always required deep social engagement and influence. No writer has ever succeeded simply because of superhuman intelligence or talent.

2. Another way of reading like a writer is to think about how the text is built. 

3. To understand how a text is built, you should ask questions like what is the purpose and who is the audience of the text.

- It’s good to think about the context behind the writing and ask yourself what the author’s purpose was. 

- Writing can always be improved, so even questioning the choices that went into published writing, or finding ways to make it better can allow a writer to improve their own. 

- Different choices in writing can lead to different effects on the reader

- Notice certain choices that the author uses and decide whether to adopt those techniques into our own writing

- Consider the context surrounding the text and assignment, especially the purpose and audience. 

Bunn says that the background information of an article is a super important thing to know. 

You should start asking questions even before starting to write. Such as knowing the purpose for the piece of writing. 

-Since a student has written things before, they are able to see the choices that other authors have made.

-The context surrounding the text is an important way to start using the first couple of times while you’re learning.

the techniques that he or she used, and then decide whether you want

to make those same choices or use those same techniques in your own

Writing.

When we read like writers we understand and participate in the writing. We see the choices the writer has made, and we see how the writer has coped with the consequences of those choices

Among the contextual factors you’ll want to consider before you even start reading are: Do you know the author’s purpose for this piece of writing? Do you know who the intended audience is for this piece of writing? It may be that you need to start reading before you can answer these first two questions, but it’s worth trying to answer them before you start