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      <title>Chronology of the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 by Joanna Liang</title>
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      <pubDate>2015-09-14 14:43:06 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>1894</title>
         <author>Padua</author>
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         <description><![CDATA[<div>unsuccessful UMW-led strike in the bituminous coal fields</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2021-10-05 02:36:51 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>Joanna Liang</title>
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         <description><![CDATA[<div>I think this poster reflects.......</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2021-10-05 02:37:18 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>1890</title>
         <author>Padua</author>
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         <description><![CDATA[<div>Formation of the United Mine Workers of America</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2022-12-05 15:32:34 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>1897</title>
         <author>Padua</author>
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         <description><![CDATA[<div>successful UMW-led coal strike in the bituminous coal fields</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2022-12-05 15:34:39 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>The 1897 bituminous coal strike had several results:</title>
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         <description><![CDATA[<div>1 | The strike resulted in an "interstate joint conference" in which the bituminous operators and the miners cooperated to stabilize labor costs, and to improve wages and working conditions.<br><br>2 | The strike greatly enhanced the UMW. It grew from less than 10,000 members before the strike to become the nation's largest trade union, with over 100,000 members.<br><br>3 | The bituminous coal operators in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois recognized the UMW as the representative of the miners and their bargaining agent.</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2023-01-26 20:28:13 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>1898</title>
         <author>Padua</author>
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         <description><![CDATA[<div><a href="https://ehistory.osu.edu/exhibitions/gildedage/1902AnthraciteStrike/content/MitchellLaborLeader">John Mitchell</a>, a bituminous miner from Illinois, elected president of the UMW</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2023-01-26 20:29:46 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>1900</title>
         <author>Padua</author>
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         <description><![CDATA[<div>Mitchell tried to bargain with the anthracite coal operators of northeastern Pennsylvania for a similar settlement that would recognize the union and improve wages, hours, and working conditions for the anthracite miners</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2023-01-26 20:31:09 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>1900</title>
         <author>Padua</author>
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         <description><![CDATA[<div>The anthracite coal operators refused to negotiate, and on September 17 Mitchell called a <a href="https://ehistory.osu.edu/exhibitions/LaborConflict/OnStrike/default">strike of the anthracite miners</a>. Those miners responded almost to a man. The strike was settled when representatives of <a href="https://ehistory.osu.edu/exhibitions/McKinley/Hanna/Default">Mark Hanna</a>, the Chairman of the Republican Party and a bituminous operator from Ohio, urged representatives of J.P. Morgan, whose bank was reorganizing the railroads that owned most of the anthracite coal mines, to settle; and representatives of President <a href="https://ehistory.osu.edu/exhibitions/McKinley/default">William McKinley</a> urged the anthracite operators themselves to settle. Neither Morgan, the operators, Hanna, nor McKinley wanted the strike to interfere with McKinley's reelection.<br><br>&nbsp; | The anthracite operators viewed the events as a defeat, and one that was dictated to them by political motivations.<br>The result was a settlement that granted the anthracite miners a wage increase of about ten per cent, but which did not recognize the UMW as their representative</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2023-01-26 20:32:29 UTC</pubDate>
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