Built in the 8th and 9th centuries by the Syailendra Dynasty, Borobudur features a highly intricate architectural design with an extraordinary arrangement of stupas and detailed reliefs.

Architecturally, Borobudur is shaped like a stepped pyramid, with three main levels: Kamadhatu (the world of desires), Rupadhatu (the world of forms), and Arupadhatu (the formless world). Each level represents different stages of spiritual enlightenment in Buddhist teachings.

The temple has more than 2,600 (two thousand six hundred) relief panels depicting the teachings of Buddha, along with 504 (five hundred four) Buddha statues scattered throughout the complex.

At the top of the temple is a large central stupa, surrounded by 72 (seventy two) smaller stupas, each containing a statue of the Buddha. Borobudur is also set in a picturesque landscape, with mountains and rice fields in the background.

The temple was once buried under volcanic ash and abandoned for centuries, but was rediscovered in the 19th century by British colonial authorities. Today, Borobudur is one of Indonesia's most popular tourist destinations and a symbol of national cultural pride.

Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Palestinian Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. The Gulf of Aqaba to the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia.

Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt, while Alexandria , the second largest city, is an important industrial and tourist center on the Mediterranean coast. With approximately 100 million inhabitants, Egypt is the 14th most populous country in the world, and the third most populous in Africa, and also the 30th largest country in the world.

Due to its extreme and arid climate, most of the population is concentrated along the narrow Nile Valley and the Nile River delta . About 99% of Egypt's population lives in the Nile Valley and the river delta area near the Mediterranean Sea.

Apart from the Nile Valley, the majority of Egypt's landscape is desert, with a few oases scattered throughout the region.

Strong winds create numerous sand dunes that are up to 30 m (100 ft) high. Egypt includes parts of the Sahara and Libyan deserts.

Nusa Penida is an island in Indonesia, where Freedive Nusa is located, it is our home. This is a small tropical island, situated 12 km on the South-East from Bali, sided with a neighboring islands of Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan, all tree islands are the parts of Klungkung regency in Bali Province. Nusa Penida’s population is around 50 thousand.

The island is separated from Bali with Badung strait. Nusa Penida is around 13*9 km. Its terrain is constructed out of 3 plateau: first one is on the North coast and on the sea level elevation; second one is in the center and 450-500m up the sea level; the third one is on the South, its height is around 200m.

The North coast is a coral plateau area where local people farms seaweed, while the South coast is just a range of rocky breakages that is 100-200 m high.

The population and infrastructure development is mainly on the North coast between Sampalan (administrative center) and Toyapakeh villages. The climate on the island is dry and hot, not as in Bali. The main source of income for local population is agriculture and fishing but tourism has started to be an additional income for them in the last few years.

IDENTIFICATION:

Komodo Island is located in the Nusa Tenggara Islands. It is home to a national park and is arguably the most famous spot in Flores. The park is known for its fearsome residents in the form of Komodo Dragons which are actually a kind of large lizard. Komodo Island is situated on the west side of Sumbawa Island, which is separated by the Sape Strait.

Komodo Island is a perfect place where Komodo Dragons can live and breed well. Until August 2009, there are around 2.500 Komodo Dragons live in Komodo Island, nearby island of Rinca Island and Gili Montang Island. Meanwhile there are estimated around 100 Komodo Dragons live in Wae Wuul Nature Reserve on the mainland of Flores Island but not part of the Komodo National Park area.

DESCRIPTION:

Komodo National Park is a landscape of contrasts between starkly rugged hillsides of dry savanna, pockets of thorny green vegetation, brilliant white sandy beaches and blue waters surging over coral, unquestionably one of the most dramatic landscapes in all of Indonesia.

Kuta is not just about the beach; it’s a bustling hub with plenty of cafes, restaurants, shops, and bars lining the nearby streets. This makes it a hotspot for nightlife and entertainment. The beach is often crowded, especially during peak tourist seasons, but it retains a relaxed, casual vibe that appeals to travelers looking for a lively beach experience.

One of the most popular activities at Kuta Beach is watching the sunset. Every evening, crowds gather along the shore to witness the spectacular display of colors as the sun dips below the horizon. In addition, the beach is a prime spot for beach soccer, volleyball, or simply lounging on the sand.

Overall, Kuta Beach is a must-visit for those seeking a mix of beach fun, surfing, and lively local culture, all wrapped up in one of Bali’s most vibrant areas.

The Pajajaran Kingdom is a Hindu kingdom that once existed in the western region of Java Island, Indonesia. This kingdom has an important role in the cultural and historical development of the archipelago. The Pajajaran Kingdom also has several relics as proof that this Hindu-style kingdom once existed in West Java. History of the Pajajaran Kingdom The Pajajaran Kingdom was one of the largest kingdoms in Pakuan (now Bogor), West Java. The Collapse of the Pajajaran Kingdom, the Legacy of Prabu Siliwangi, Marked by the Removal of Sacred Stones. The Pajajaran Kingdom reached its heyday during the reign of Sri Baduga Maharaja or Prabu Siliwangi between 1482 and 1521 AD.

In this period, the prevailing political system was a feudal system, where the top position was held by a person called Prabu or king. The main religion practiced is Shiva Hinduism, as recorded in the Kawali and Sahyang Tapak inscriptions. Apart from that, there are also followers of Hinduism, Vaishnava and Buddhism. These three religions live side by side with tolerance between each other.

The Pajajaran Kingdom experienced decline after the death of Sri Baduga Maharaja. A change of power occurred, and Islamic influence from Cirebon with support from Demak and Banten began to threaten.

As one of the largest kingdoms in Indonesia, the Pajajaran Kingdom left behind many historical records, including:

- Cikapundung Inscription

- Batu Tulis Inscription

- Huludayeuh Inscription

- Ulubelu Inscription

- Kebon Kopi II Inscription

- Sundanese Treaty Inscription

- Portuguese

- Karangkamulyan Site

This is a review of the history of the Pajajaran Kingdom. Hopefully this information is useful.

The national monument , or "Monas" as it is popularly called, is one of the monuments built during the Sukarno era of fierce nationalism. The top of the National Monument (Monas) is Freedom Square. It stands for the people's determination to achieve freedom and the crowning of their efforts in the Proclamation of Independence in August 1945. The 137-meter tall marble obelisk is topped with a flame coated with 35 kg of gold. The base houses a historical museum and a hall for meditations. The monument is open to the public and upon request the lift can carry visitors to the top, which offers a bird's eye view on the city and the sea.

Go early to beat the crowds and the haze. It is easy for the less physically able as lifts take visitors to the top. The diorama exhibition in the basement gives such a distorted view of Indonesian history.

This imposing obelisk is Jakarta's most famous landmark. Construction started in 1961 under President Soekarno but was not completed until 1975, under President Soeharto. The monument houses a couple of museums. The Freedom Hall depicts Indonesia's struggle for independence through a series of dioramas, whereas the Hall of Contemplation displays the original Declaration of Independence document and a recording of the speech.