Week 36: forest herbs / site types

 Week 37: regeneration / rotation 

 Week 38: stand / thinning / basic measurements

 Week 39: forests in national and global economy, forest skills competition

 Week 40: peatlands 

 Week 41: logging/feedback

also in urban environment improving the landscape as well as the biological diversity. Paper industry.  In Finland birch is traditionally prefered as firewood. 

There are a little nutrients in the water of oligotrophic lakes, and the water is often very clear.

Welcome the freedom to roam which you can experience in Finland: everyman`s right let you do (or don’t) access forest territory and use the nature`s gifts. So, how we can 

enjoy Finland?

First things first, we need to respect nature and only after it «use» it. Overall, you can 

do whatever you want till it does not damage somebody`s hou

ses, forests or other 

people. Biking and hiking is allowed except very near people`s home! Of course, you must not disturb any of the creature you meet in your pathway. It means no tickling of  bird`s tummies! Also, it let us camp in the forest and now I started to think why I still didn’t use this opportunity? So, I had an impression that everything is allowed until it is not prohibited. Quite logical and very people - friendly rules. 

To whom these rules are applicable? To anyone living or staying in Finland,

so, yes, me as well. I remember my first August day in the forest when I saw a great many of berries and was quite concerned whether I can take it or not. One Finnish woman came to me and said something in Finnish, which I couldn`t understand. She repeated in English: «just enjoy». Since then I started to love Finnish nature more deeply for the taste of freedom. 

What else I would like to add is that Finnish everyman`s rights are much more wide than other countries. Let`s compare with Switzerland, for instance. They say that access is open till there is no excessive usage. Also one needs to look carefully for the prohibited signs which can be hided anywhere. Additionally, I have never heard of 

Russian everyman`s right, so, personally for me, it is shocking. But quite pleasant that in the country I currently live I can enjoy nature without any consequences.

• That is why particular species will be indicators for soil properties

• Indicator species can be among the most sensitive species in a region, and sometimes act as an early warning to monitoring biologists

‒Delivery sales 6.3 million m3

‒Together42.5 million m3

forests 

Privately-owned forests include forests owned by 1) a private person alone or with his/her spouse, 2) a real property partnership, and 3) a member of an undistributed estate of a deceased person.

Turning the Finnish forest sector into a responsible 

pioneer in bioeconomy for 2011–2015 included the key forest policy guidelines. In terms of suistainable wood production, the objective of the 

programme was to improve the growth conditions in the forests as well as to increase the increment of growing stock.

The targets set in Finland’s National Forest Programme 2015 for various silvicultural and forest 

improvement work types and their implementation are presented in the attached table. The 

objectives have not been reached in any of the types of work apart from the repelling root-rot 

disease and in the long run, also the construction of forest roads. Objectives related to the remedial fertilisation of forests have been the most difficult to achieve. In 2014, Finland’s National Forest Strategy 2025 

was prepared and it contains the main objectives for forest-based business and activities until 2025. The objective of the strategy is to create growth, investments and new jobs in the forest sector.

 The goal of the EU Biodiversity Strategy 2020 is to stop the decline of biodiversity by the year 2020. One measure supporting this goal is to restore 15% of deteriorating ecosystems. In Finland, peatland restoration has chiefly been carried out in nature conservation areas. 

Spruce mires are wooded peatlands 

where the dominant tree species is 

usually Norway spruce, though decid-

uous trees may also grow abundantly in spruce mires that are richer in nutrients. 

The presence of living and dead trees of different sizes and ages is an important structural feature for the species-diver-sity of spruce mires.

In nutrient-rich spruce mires the 

vegetation in the field layer is species-rich and dominated by grasses and herbaceous plants. In nutrient-poor spruce mires vascular plant species assemblages are quite limited and dominated by dwarf shrubs associated 

with forest habitats. The ground layer is dominated by sphagnum mosses, 

though in more nutrient-rich sites other 

bryophytes may also be common. 

Spruce-birch fens and rich spruce-

birch fens have low hummocks where 

small, stunted trees grow. The dominant 

tree species is usually white birch, or in rich sites Norway spruce. Birches may also grow on lawns, and hummocks may 

be quite indistinct. Species associated 

with swamps may grow alongside fen and rich fen species in the lawn level. is usually considerably more 

extensive than hummocks.

In pine mires and bogs hummocks 

dominate the microtopography of the surface. Such ecosystems are mainly

nutrient-poor and usually have deep 

peat layers. The dominant tree species is Scots pine, though Norway spruce also thrives in higher sites. The donant species in the field layer are dwarf shrubs. Sedges and herbaceous plants tend to be scarce, though the herb Rubus chamaemorus may be abundant and in certain types of pine mire Eriophorum vaginatum and Carex globularis are also abundant. The ground layer is largely 

composed of sphagnum mosses.

Handy guidlance to peatland https://julkaisut.metsa.fi/assets/pdf/lp/Muut/ecolres-peatlands-1.pdf