1. A bias that I have engaged in is overconfidence bias. For example, before an exam I felt very confident that I understood every topic, so I did not study as much as I should have. After receiving a much lower score than I expected, I found out that my confidence in my memory and comprehension was much greater than my actual performance.

2. An example of belief perseverance that I have noticed in another person that I know occurs when the person holds their argument, even after being shown evidence that contradicts it. For example, even when clear information is shown to them that shows the opposite, the other person continues defending their argument and refuses to accept the new information given to them. This demonstrates belief perseverance, since the original idea persists despite the opposite evidence.

1. I believe that one of the biases mentioned that I identify with is overconfidence, since sometimes I’m very confident about certain things, but after I do them I realize that my confidence was too high. For example, sometimes I trust people who aren’t very trustworthy and give them my full confidence, telling them everything, and then those people, because I confided in them, will tell many people. Where that happens to me, I realize that I shouldn’t be so trusting with others or so so liberal in that aspect of having excessive trust in people who aren’t the right ones. I think that’s what I’ve experienced with the overconfidence bias.

2. I think one example I could give regarding other topics, like the issue of perseverance in beliefs, is that I’ve met many people who sometimes say the earth is flat. When in reality it’s round; there are studies that prove it many studies that offer examples of the earth being round. But I’ve met many people who, based on what they’ve seen or heard in the news, believe the earth is flat, when in reality it isn’t. Sometimes I talk to these people and I can’t change their minds because it’s so deeply ingrained in their perspective. So, yes, sometimes it’s very difficult to talk about these topics with certain people, because even if there’s evidence that these things are true, they’ll always believe and take their perspective for granted, even if it’s wrong.

Question 1: One bias I might have engaged in

An example of bias that I have personally practiced is availability bias, in which I make my judgments about the likelihood of something happening depending on how readily that thing comes to mind. To illustrate, having watched a few news articles about a car accident, I was left assuming that driving is far more unsafe than it is statistically, although the latter were noticeable due to being recent and visible.

Question 2: One bias I’ve noticed someone else demonstrate

I have observed confirmation bias in a friend of mine who already had an opinion that a specific diet was not healthy and only looked up articles and posts on social media that confirmed his or her opinion. They also overlooked reliable sources that have provided imbalanced or conflicting information, thus supporting their initial judgment instead of objectively assessing the matter.

Question 1 : One bias I have noticed in myself is overconfidence bias. There have been times when I felt so sure that I understood the material for an exam that I barely studied, and then I was surprised when my grade was lower than expected because I clearly was not as prepared as I thought.

Question 2: One bias I have noticed in someone I know is belief perseverance. Even after being shown information that went against what they believed, they kept defending their original opinion and did not want to admit that they might be wrong.

1.  Anchoring Heuristic influences the way humans create sound choices.  This type of bias shows that, as humans, we rely on forming mental images of objects. We all know that prejudices are present in our lives. For example, you go to a clothing store and see that there are store sales, and you see a shirt with an original markup price of $120 and a reduced price of $75.00. We will undoubtedly see it as a discount, but in reality, it is still pretty pricey.  This bias impacts the price paid for that shirt. I can also say that we see it on television, for example, the game show "Price is Right". The participating players see a beginning price and other participants' estimates.

2. A case in point of a prejudice I have observed is anchoring. Somebody I know and I went shopping for new sports shoes. This person saw that a specific shoe store was having after-Christmas specials, so the shoes he wanted were initially priced at $350.00 and had been discounted to $150.00. However, I mentioned that there were other similar sports shoes for less than $150.00, but this person explained that it was a fantastic deal. I now see that he was attached to those high-priced sporting shoes.

1. A bias I have previously engaged in is the hindsight bias. When I watch a movie and end up not liking it, I'll feel as if I knew it would be bad from the start, even if it wasn't obvious to me then. Of course it's easier for me to say that I knew it was going to be a bad movie after watching it, but for some reason I like to believe that I knew all along.

2. I have noticed my brother demonstrate the confirmation bias. I remember one time he was convinced he had a certain disease, and he only read information that supported his worries. He even went as far as going to the doctor so that he could find out if there truly was something wrong with him. I believe that when he noticed the first "symptom" he kept engaging in it because he genuinely believed he was sick. He also went as far as changing his diet because of how scared he was, which only kept him in that cycle of choosing to believe he was sick, instead of the possibility that he may not be.

• One type of bias that I felt particularly connected with was that of confirmation bias. An example of when I’ve engaged in this false conclusion-making based on a “hunch” has to be when I believed one of my friends was going through relationship problems. Based on reading body language and analyzing behavior, and some phrase that showed irritability with her boyfriend, I assumed all of this had to do with some underlying issues. I ended up being wrong, fortunately. 

• A person very close to me often engages in hindsight bias. Whenever something goes wrong, he typically will claim that he knew it was going to happen, despite him likely just understanding the connection now.

• A type of bias I have engaged in has been hindsight bias. I'm a very go with the flow type of person, and a lot of times I can be too chill to the point where obvious things can become oblivious to me. For example, when I notice my laundry machine is acting weird, I brush it off and continue to do laundry normally, or just disconnect and reconnect it because that has worked before. It's not until it's time to start the washing cycle that it doesn't work, even though I knew it was tweaking and most likely wouldn't work.

• A bias I have seen in many people is overconfidence, especially when I play sports. A lot of the time, I would see people from the opposing team saying things like how they could easily beat our team, either because of past times they have won or because of their school's reputation. A lot of the time wouldn't win because of their high expectations based on their overconfidence and high egos, which goes to show to never celebrate too early.

1. One time I had applied the confirmation bias was with my family. We were all looking for a specific type of fruit that I believed could only be found in Ensenada (Mexico). The rest of my family insisted on looking for it in a little market in Tijuana. During the search I was really upset because I was sure that we would not find the fruit and it was just a waste of time. My mom ended up finding it and then I realized I was really wrong. 

2. One time I noticed someone having a bias was at school, the type of bias was Belief Perseverance, in which a person I knew was denying the function of vaccines with the justification that they were a tool for controlling us. At the beginning it was interesting to discuss but then it turned out to be a nonsense debate because that person didn’t want to admit that there was already enough verified information that back up this fact.

1. I found the “overconfidence bias” interesting because I sometimes find myself being wrong about something I thought was a certain way. For example, I love playing games! I always carry my Uno deck or a deck of cards in my purse, just in case I run into someone random who wants to play, because you never know. One time we were playing Uno,and sometimes we change the rules to make it more fun,but I was so sure I was going to win. I was the only one with one card left, and the colors were still the same because I was confident my friends didn’t have the right cards to switch them. I was almost singing victory already… and then boom! They switched the color. Haha, that’s why you shouldn’t sing victory too fast.

2. One bias I’ve noticed in a friend is illusory correlation. He once told me a conspiracy theory, and at first glance, the information seems to match, but often it doesn’t. For example, one day we went to the store and the moon was full, and he started talking about theories that people believe,like the full moon causes people to act weird. But many of those connections probably aren’t really related to the full moon, since there are always other factors we might not be seeing. Honestly, it makes me wonder if there should be a field that studies mythology using real scientific methods or other approaches. Does anyone know if that already exists? Haha.

2.- Hindsight bias was truly unbearable with a coworker I had. He would take any action, positive or negative, and the outcome was always what he supposedly knew. He would always say, "I knew it would work" or "I knew it wouldn't, but he did it anyway." Well, if he knows the outcome, why try it if it's going to be negative?

1. I have experienced "hindsight bias" after doing really badly on an exam. And thinking in my head, “I knew I should’ve studied that chapter more.” Even though I genuinely believed that I was prepared and was going to pass the exam without hesitation. Now looking back, the outcome made the mistakes seem obvious when they really weren’t. It's the little things that we don't notice til its done and the answers are in your face. And you compare and see where you went wrong all along.

2. I have also noticed "confirmation bias" when someone I know only paid attention to news that matched their political views. And they ignored or rejected other opinions. Which kinda sucks because they're not being educated enough since they are sticking to the first sources they found. This is also what made them more confident in their beliefs without really thinking about different views or the evidence out there. But again, they aren't looking at other opinions or giving another person a shot. They aren't going to listen or pay attention to what you have to say.

1. For my first example I'm choosing Belief Perserverance Bias. It basically means that no matter what factual information is presented to you, your original belief will overrule it.

2. Second example - Confirmation Bias: A person I know very well agrees with the section of Chapter 9 that a Full Moon causes behavior changes in me. It was proven false by Rotten & Kelly, in 1985.

2. A bias that I have seen is from my girlfriend and she uses hindsight bias a lot especially in watching movies. When someone dies or a plot twist has happened she always says I knew that was going to happen but never explained her thoughts before the event has happened.

2.I also see my partner demonstrating hindsight bias. From my understanding hindsight bias is when you confidently know of an outcome without it happening yet. I see this most when we are watching football,baseball and/or UFC. My partner is very intelligent and makes judgement calls due to statistics however sometimes it is just based on a feeling without the event taking place yet! Throughout the day he would state he has a good feeling about this game and thinks they will win. 

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1. A bias that I have engaged in would be the anchoring bias because whenever I see a deal in store or online I buy it. These days I try to save money by spending as less as I can on what I need or want, yet I was taught this by my mother as she would save money in this way too. Growing up I’d be happy with knockoffs of brand name items as that was all my mom could afford, and it taught me a lesson that money is precious and also that knockoffs are just as good quality as name brand or high price items. Today I can proudly say I own an Apple Watch Series 6, an iPhone 12 mini, an iPad 5th generation, and a 2015 Macbook Air that are all refurbished from Amazon and work well. And although I love the interface of Apple products, I plan to switch to Android products when these products finally go as I’ve had more experience with Android phones since my first one I owned in 2012, the Kyocera Rise. I already own an HP laptop and an Amazon Kindle as a backup, so I’m prepared when my Macbook and my iPad die.

2. A bias that my family uses is hindsight bias when watching anything on TV. From watching true crime shows, to game shows, to the news and even movies, whenever there’s a big reveal or correct answer revealed there’s always someone who claims they knew the outcome from the beginning of the show “like a vision” when they really didn’t. Thanks to this bias there is always overconfidence in my family when we watch TV but that’s what makes it more fun for us to enjoy it better. Especially with Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy, we always have fun guessing which one of us gets an answer right or wrong. And when someone’s answer is wrong they say something like “I could have done better” and we all have a good laugh about it.

1)A type of bias I believe I have engaged in is hindsight bias because of a mistake I made on a presentation. I was once doing a presentation for my public speaking class and I messed up the beginning of my presentation. I had a feeling that I would make a mistake but still continued to do my best while completing my presentation.

2)A type of bias I've seen someone else do is overconfidence because once I was watching a ufc boxing match. Then, my family and friends were betting on who would win. One of my uncles was overconfident on one of the fighters and lost the bet. While knowing that they had lower stats than their component.

2 I do have seen Anchoring bias on other people, they fall very easily or maybe strategy is tends to be very easy to work for some people. Even for example random anchors on numbers ended up being biased on people’s estimates. I see it when they start to trying to figure it out, when one of my coworkers was trying to figure it out an estimate for a treatment plan for a pt before consulting the pt insurance and giving a numbe that its not at all sure, but again it's an estimate. At the end of the day the pt didn't had to pay nothing he was covered 100%. This chapter made me thing in a bunch of situations for sure.

.one bias I have seen someone engage on was overconfidence which later got that person in trouble. I went to the casino with my friend and she felt overconfident that she would win so she would bet more that night. Later that night she finished all her money because she kept betting thinking she was lucky that day. She got introuble that night with her boyfriend since he only wanted her to spend a certain amount and not go over.

In Chapter nine, the first type of bias that was mentioned is Hindsight. A good example of this happened when I was 16 years old in Punta Cana. My step-dad has this rule, as I was growing up, to be ready for any occasion. He always made sure we had our own jacket either on us or in the car, even if it was hot when we left the house, he wanted us to be prepared for later on. When we were in Punta Cana, the tropical weather flew over our heads because we actually checked the weather app prior to travelling over there and it said it was going to be sunny the whole week. It was sunny up until the third day of being there and it was the day we made plans to go on excursions. On our way to the excursion destination, it started raining. Since we were in the Caribbean, it was still humid and raining, so it was manageable to continue with our day. But, I can hear my step-dad in the back of the car saying “I knew we should’ve brought our jackets, see! This is a great example to always be prepared.” We were soaked at the end of our excursion, but we still had fun. 

Another type of bias is confirmation. A good example of this is my cousin and her fear of cats. She is way older than me, so this was before my time and I don’t know the exact details. But, she was attacked by our grandma’s house and ever since then she feels so ill towards cats. The other day we were at my grandma’s house and a cat appeared out of nowhere. The cat started to approach us without her noticing and the cat started brushing its body on our legs being sweet. My cousin turned to me screaming “Bad cat! Get off me!”, even though this different cat isn’t being harmful towards us. She was judging this cat, based on her history with my grandma’s old cat. 

1. I have engaged in hindsight bias a few times while coaching baseball. Sometimes when a play goes surprisingly right, I feel like I already knew the outcome was going to happen, despite not being able to prove it for a fact beforehand.

2. Not just one person, but I’ve witnessed multiple people express confirmation bias with their political views. I’ve specifically seen people express confirmation bias when presenting evidence that either supports their political party, or makes the other party look bad. They will only look at evidence that supports their views.

1. After reading Chapter 9 about decision making and cognitive biases, I realized how often I use them. The bias that I belief that I have engaged in is belief perseverance. Belief perseverance is when someone continues to believe something even after evidence shows that it's not true. A personal example is when I first had my brain tumor removed, I struggled with my speech. Even after getting therapy and everyone telling me that recovery took time, I held on the belief that my speech would never improve. Every time I made a mistake while speaking, it proof that my belief was true. This took time to unlearn. However, now that I look back I was so focused on fear that I never paid attention to the healing and improving process.

2. My son had always had trouble concentrating, emotional regulation and keeping still. We tried different strategies and worked hard to support him without fully understanding the cause. When he was officially diagnosed with ADHD people around me would say that they already knew that he had ADHD, and that they all the signs were there. I truly wasn't aware of what was ADHD. Now, I have learned and I sometimes catch myself thinking like the people around me once did.

1. One type of cognitive bias that I often experience is overconfidence. The last time I can remember experiencing this was a few weeks ago at school. We were playing a trivia game and I told my team to write down an answer that I thought was right. It turned out that the answer we wrote down was wrong, so we didn't get a point that round.

2. One bias that I have seen people I know demonstrate is belief perseverance bias. Sometimes when I talk to my sister, she says something that is untrue, and I tell her that she is wrong. Even after I give evidence to back up my point, she refuses to admit that she was incorrect.

1. A bias that I have engaged in is belief perseverance, and I didn't realize I used this bias until now, when learning about the different biases. I had this friend, and our friendship was like walking on ice because I didn't know when they would snap or get annoyed. There were multiple times when we would have arguments, and I still believed they were an amazing friend. Although I felt uneasy every time I would see them, in that moment, I couldn't ask for a better friend, even though the signs always showed, but I just chose to ignore them.

2. A bias I have seen in some of my family members is confirmation bias. This family member always calls out people for being lazy and unmotivated to do stuff. I realized they started talking like this to my cousins and me at a very young age, and up until we started to become adults, he still does this. They barely notice the fact that most of my cousins have their careers situated, but whenever we do something wrong, they speak about the fact that we do not help the family, and it seems like they notice our mistakes and ignore our wins in our lives.

1. After reading Chapter 9, I have experienced in hindsight bias when I was in water polo. A moment I experience during matches is predictable callouts from the other team that can end up missing their chances to score. It becomes predictable as soon as they believe they have the upper advantage when our team was slow. However, as predicted they would outswim us but we ended up tightening our defenses. This then caused them to panic as they are in a 30 second timer and made them lose the ball. Their callout allowed us to know that they would be vulnerable to their defensive position as they would be to far to recover from their offense since they were tight in our goal net. We were able to score due to their predictable callouts and belief as well.

   
   

2. One bias that I witnessed in people that I know of is the perseverance bias. In a study that I was doing with a few classmates in high school, we were given the information based on what we wrote in our notes, however there was a misunderstanding on what it was right or wrong. We ended up debating into showing our evidence is right and wrong. My information was up-to-date, there was no way that the information that they were given to us is wrong. Yet, my classmate believed I was still wrong, although we had the same notes written down. We had to make sure that our information was correct, so we showed our professor and it was clear that they wrote their information in the wrong column. Surprisingly this didn't convince the classmate.

2. I often see overconfidence bias being demonstrated by my son. He is 2 and starting to explore everything. He is so curious and confident in his actions that he sometimes does things that he overestimates his physical and cognitive abilities. As example: he tends to want to do things himself without my help like pouring his own drink or grabbing things from a high shelf etc. Although it is cute to see him so confident as his mother it sometimes causes me anxiety due to his safety.

1. A bias that I have engaged in is hindsight bias. It has happened multiple times where I won't study for tests because I think I will do good with just my memory of the topic, the most recent one was in my child development class I was confident that I knew the amount and percentages of every food type needed in a toddler's plate and during the test I couldn't remember the exact number which would of easily been avoidable if I had studied the night before.

2. A bias that I have witnessed in people I know would be belief perseverance bias. Working with children you pick up on certain foods that they don't like or even see how certain foods make their stomachs upset. A past coworker of mine did not believe me when I kept on telling her that carrots were making a child feel bad and I even brought it up to the parents and they told me they had seen it as well and had stopped sending him carrots for snacks, but as we have carrots as an extra snack in case the children are still hungry she would always give him carrots even after I had mentioned it to her that the parents had also seen that it upset his stomach.

1. One type of bias I definitely have experienced is hindsight bias. When I was reading about it in the textbook I immediately thought about taking quizzes or exams. When I review the quiz and see the questions, I got wrong, I often think "ughhh, I knew it was the other one." When in reality I was stuck between two choices or more and if I "knew" it was the other answer I would've just picked that to begin with.

2. One type of bias I've noticed taking place is overconfidence. I find that my brothers and I often have this bias and swear we know or remember things perfectly when in reality it doesn't line up with each other's stories or with what actually happened. I think it easily leads to arguments as no one wants to be proved wrong when we are certain in our minds we know the truth clearly. Maybe it's just a sibling thing though lol

Hi everyone! Happy Sunday!

1. After going over some of the biases mentioned in chapter 9, I was able to see myself in some of these examples. I remember one from last term, where I engaged in a bit of hindsight bias. A hindsight bias is when you believe an outcome was obvious, but only after it happened. I could not think of the answer to one question on an exam for the life of me. I had 30 minutes, and I finished everything in 15, except for this one question. I spent Hal the test on it, and got it wrong ultimately. As soon as I left the classroom, the answer hit me, and I thought it was so obvious the whole time. That was a major brain fart moment.

2. I noticed a pretty funny bias from others in the last few weeks. Recently there was an online "movement" or "delusion" over a belief perseverance bias. Which is when people hold on to a belief, even if they're presented with new evidence that they're wrong. I saw many people believe that the real ending to Stranger Things was coming out in a secret 9th episode on Jan. 7th. Spoiler alert, it didn't happen. People were trying to find hope anywhere, and the truth came once it never happened. I was overly disappointed too, but come on guys...I think it's over.

1. I know I’ve definitely seen the hindsight bias in my own thinking. This bias is defined as when mistakes seem obvious after the fact. In the immediate aftermath of me failing my calc iii class, I felt like I was blaming everyone else, that my mistakes were not clear at all. In hindsight, my failure makes total sense, as I was not studying and it was my first actual college level math class.

   While I know I’m also guilty of this bias, I definitely also see in a lot of others the effects of the confirmation bias. I’ve seen family of mine consume content that is consistent solely with their current beliefs, for instance.

1. An example I have experienced is overconfidence bias. In high school, I would occasionally get overly confident and cocky before taking tests, because I had the mindset that if I studied once that I would be perfectly fine for the exam. Once I took the exam, I would feel so nervous during the exam that I would immediately get humbled after getting the score of the exam.

2. One time I have seen someone else with confirmation bias has been when I had a friend who believed the earth was flat and she would consistently surround herself with social media that was all confirming her beliefs. Rather than watching both sides of the bias, she chose to only watch videos that were on her side that conformed with her beliefs.

1. One type of bias that I engaged in that I can think of from chapter 9 is definitely hindsight bias. I feel like I engaged in this a lot during school and testing. I noticed, I do this a lot when I fail a quiz I feel like I knew that I was going to fail, like I was confident in the thought of me, failing. I felt like I knew the outcome, even though beforehand I really wasn’t sure on how I was gonna do on the test, but after I saw my result, I felt like I already saw it coming.

2. A type of bias mentioned in chapter 9 that I noticed someone I know demonstrating is overconfidence. an example of this was in middle school. I know someone who signed up to play soccer and they were very confident that they would be one of the best players, even though they’ve never played soccer before. I explained to them that they should try it before they say that they’re gonna be the best but they didn’t listen and felt like they didn’t need to try that hard. then finally when it came time to play, they realize that it was a lot more difficult than they expected and I feel like that was overconfidence because they believed they were better than they actually were. I’m not too sure why they were so confident, knowing that they’ve never played this sport before, but it was middle school so we were all young.

2.    An example of overconfidence that I have witnessed was on a tv show. I used to watch survivor and there were a lot of people who thought they were better at certain challenges than others and would end up losing. I see that a lot in other reality tv shows.