Clamydia trachomatis by Nurainaa Azra'i

Clamydia trachomatis by Nurainaa Azra'i https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n STD en-us 2018-02-17 03:27:59 UTC 2025-05-16 15:17:07 UTC hello@padlet.com MIND MAPPING -1ST PROGRESS REPORT nurainaaazrai25 https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232546725 2018-02-17 03:35:07 UTC https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232546725 IMMUNOLOGY nurainaaazrai25 https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232546887 2018-02-17 03:39:38 UTC https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232546887 GENETIC nurainaaazrai25 https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232546919 2018-02-17 03:39:53 UTC https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232546919 PATHOGENIC balqishmatnoor https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232553285 1. Epidemiology
2. Disease Transmission
3. Mechanism of infection
4. symptoms
5. Treatment

]]> 2018-02-17 06:34:56 UTC https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232553285 Treatment balqishmatnoor https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232553611
Chlamydia infection can be treated using an oral antibiotic. This is because the bacterial cells will stop producing protein that can help them from growth, spread and survive caused the immune system can kill the remaining bacteria to remove the infection.

Recommended antibiotics:
1. Azithromycin
2. Doxycycline

Alternative antibiotics:
1. Amoxicillin
2. Erythyomycin base
3. Erythromycin ethylsuccinate

]]> 2018-02-17 06:42:32 UTC https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232553611 Untreated balqishmatnoor https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232557762
Untreated chlamydia infection in women can spread to uterus and fallopian tubes pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which caused permanent damage to reproductive system. After that, the long term pelvic pain, infertility and ectopic pregnancy will happened. For men, the chlamydia will infect the epididymis. Pregnant women can transmit the disease to the babies during the delivery resulting in stillbirth, neonatal death, low-birth-weight and prematurity, sepsis, pneumonia, neonatal conjunctivitis and congenital deformities. Besides, untreated infection also lead to the HIV or AIDs.

]]> 2018-02-17 07:59:51 UTC https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232557762 Diagnose balqishmatnoor https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232578712 1. Nonculture test
- Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test. which use to detect the chlamydia antigen.
- Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test which can be use to detect the direct visualization of chlamydia elementary body (EB) on smears
** The disadvantages of nonculture test are less specific and may produce false-positive results.

2. Culture test
- Use the C. trachomatis-specific, anti-MOMP antibody to detect the C. trachomatis in cell culture
- Use staining species-specific, monoclonal fluorescent-labelled antibody (FA) to identify the inclusion of C. trachomatis by stain the infected cell.

3. Laboratory test
- For women, testing first-catch urine or collecting swab specimens from the endocervix or vagina.
- For men, testing a urethral swab or first-catch urine specimen]]> 2018-02-17 13:17:06 UTC https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232578712 Prevention balqishmatnoor https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232582029 1. Practice safe sex such as use a condoms or diaphragms.
2. Avoid multiple partners
3. Avoid vaginal, anal or oral sex.]]> 2018-02-17 14:04:00 UTC https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232582029 Life cycle of Chlamydia trachomatis balqishmatnoor https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232669060 There are two stages in the life of Chlamydia:
1. elementary bodies which is extracellular form
2. reticulate bodies which is intracellular form

EB have a smaller size than RB which are 0.3-µm and the size of RB are 1-µm. EB have a rigid outer membrane with a mesh of disulfide cross-linked cysteine-rich proteins while the RB is not osmotically stable owing to a decrease in disulfide cross-linked envelope proteins ]]> 2018-02-18 10:33:25 UTC https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232669060 Epidemiology balqishmatnoor https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232669853
Chlamydia is one of the most common sexual transmitted diseases (STDs) in Malaysia. This bacterial infection occurs four times more often than gonorrhoea. The study to establish the prevalence of Chlamydia infection by Chlamydia trachomatis in about 596 patients attending the Genito-urinary Medicine Clinic, Hospital Kuala Lumpur from January 2001 to December 2005 are performed. Only 549 patients are tested for the Chlamydia and available for the analysis while another 47 patients are excluded from the study due to the Chlamydia test results were not available. 67% (366) of the patients are males and 33% (183) of the patients are females. 25% of the patients are Malays, 13% are Chinese, 25% are Indians and 4% others who are either Bangladesh or Indonesian immigrant workers. The Chlamydia infections are highest in the 15 to 19 age groups and 30 to 39 age groups in male patients. However, the highest age groups in female patients are youngest age group of 15 to 19 years.

]]> 2018-02-18 10:39:56 UTC https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232669853 Symptoms emy_eazziany https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232677378 Chlamydia trachomatis infections usually cause a few or no signs and symptoms at the early-stage. The symptoms will occur usually after one to two weeks after the exposure to Chlamydia. The symptoms occur are often mild and passing that make them easy to overlook.
1. Painful urination
2. Lower abdominal pain
3. Vagina discharge in women
4. Painful sexual intercourse in women
5. Bleeding between periods and after sex in women
6. Testicular pain in men]]> 2018-02-18 12:05:34 UTC https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232677378 Disease transmission emy_eazziany https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232688549 This bacterium is commonly spread through vaginal, oral and anal sex. Having sex with multiple partners also can causes the infection to occur. There is also possibility for a mother to spread chlamydia to the baby during delivery which causes pneumonia or a serious eye infection towards the baby.]]> 2018-02-18 13:45:43 UTC https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232688549 Role of the bacterium in avoiding the immune response afiqahilin https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232697828
1. C. trachomatis inhibit apoptosis of the host cells which ensures that host cell lysis does not occur prior to the completion of the bacterial cycle. It is also thought that inhibition of apoptosis may limit the number of apoptotic infected cells available to APC, and allow infected cells to resist being killed by effector CD8⁺ T cells.

2. As studies have also shown Chlamydiais also able to induce apoptosis. For example, the expression of Chlamydia proteins associated with death domains may promote apoptosis through association with mammalian death receptors. As mentioned previously, it has been proposed that Chlamydia may restrict apoptosis in order to complete the developmental cycle, allowing (reticulate body)RBs to convert back into infectious (elementary body) EBs. Once the developmental cycle nears completion, it may be beneficial for the bacterium to induce apoptosis in order to avoid necrosis. It may also aid in the release of infectious EBs into the cytosol.

3.Chlamydia may down-regulate MHC class I and II expression on infected cells in order to evade T cell-mediated immune recognition. This is evidenced by the secretion of a chlamydial protease-like activity factor (CPAF) into the cytosol of C. trachomatis infected cells, which then works to degrade specific host cell transcription factors that control the constitutive and IFNγ-inducible expression of MHC class I and II molecules

]]> 2018-02-18 14:57:10 UTC https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232697828 Acquired immunity response afiqahilin https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232699759 1. T-cell have been shown to recognize C. trachomatis antigens, including outer membrane protein 2 (OMP2), polymorphic outer membrane protein D (POMP-D), MOMP, heat shock protein 60 (hsp60), chlamydial protease activating factor (CPAF), pmpG, PmpF, and RpIF . Upon C. trachomatisinfection, CD4⁺ cells become activated, begin to proliferate and migrate to the genital mucosa. These T-cells exhibit a characteristic Th1 response, secreting large amounts of IFNγ required to aid in clearing bacterial infection.
2. There are several mechanisms by which B cells are able to modulate immunity during Chlamydia infection. The first and most predominate mechanism is through antibody-mediated neutralization, whereby the B cell produces specific antibodies directed against chlamydial peptides. Secondly, through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity that targets cells that have antibodies attached to their surface for lysis. Finally, B cells aid in the formation of antibody–antigen complexes that bind to receptors on APC. These then enhance phagocytosis and antigen presentation to CD4⁺ T Cells ]]> 2018-02-18 15:10:30 UTC https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232699759 Innate immunity response afiqahilin https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232700870 1. The first line of defense from chlamydial genital infection is the mucosal barrier of the genital tract.
2. If the bacterial is able to supress the first stage now the cellular response come to action where secretion of chemokines such as Il-8 by infected cells can recruit classical innate immunity cells such as natural killer (NK) cells and DCs, which are abundant in the genital mucosa to promote inflammatory response.]]> 2018-02-18 15:17:55 UTC https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232700870 afiqahilin https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232701677 2018-02-18 15:24:42 UTC https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/232701677 WAR BETWEEN HOST AND PATHOGEN nurainaaazrai25 https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/235049178 1. Obligate intracellular parasites
* Leads to the accumulation of neutral-lipid-rich structures with features of lipid droplets at the cytoplasmic region.
* Cannot synthesize their own ATP.

2. C. trachomatis have cell wall, while their host do not have cell wall.
* Its cell wall is thought have some virulence factors as it inhibits phagolysosome fusion in phagocytes.
* Also contain an outer lipopolysaccharide (LPS) membrane but lacks of peptidoglycan. The membrane instead contain cysteine-rich proteins that allows for intracellular division and extracellular survival.

3. Resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics.
* Garbenicillin and piperacillin- high efficacy of Gram negative, but not recommended the one that have asthma, kidney disease or blood clotting disorder.
*]]> 2018-02-25 04:34:10 UTC https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/235049178 Mechanisms emy_eazziany https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/243564909 1. The hemaglutinin on the Chlamydia will bind to the sialic acid receptors on host cell.
2. The Chlamydia then internalized into the cell with unknown mechanism that resembles endocytosis.
3. The Chlamydia enter the cell by Cell-surface PDI-mediated disulfide reduction (process remains unknown]]> 2018-03-19 15:22:58 UTC https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/243564909 WHY PENICILLIN NOT RECOMMENDED FOR INFECTION C.TRACHOMATIS. nurainaaazrai25 https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/244821548 2018-03-22 02:39:01 UTC https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/244821548 IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS nurainaaazrai25 https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/244823420 1. IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHY TEST (ICT)
= for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis specific antigen (Ag) in human urine and cervical and urethral specimen in both woman and men.
= also known as lateral flow test
= basically combines a number of variants such as formats, recognition molecules, labels, detection systems
= suggesting that antibody (Ab) is a good markers of exposure Chlamydia trachomatis.

2. NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION TEST
= ]]> 2018-03-22 02:51:18 UTC https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/244823420 afiqahilin https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/250562481 2018-04-11 05:02:02 UTC https://padlet.com/nurainaaazrai25/ntav28dfkc5n/wish/250562481